Detailed taxonomy structure

1. General Literature
   0. General
      1. Biographies/Autobiographies
      2. Conference Proceedings
      3. General Literary Works
   1. Introductory and Survey
   2. Reference
   13. Miscellaneous
2. Hardware
   0. General
   1. Control Structures and Microprogramming
      0. General
      1. Control Design Styles
         1. Hardwired control
         2. Microprogrammed logic arrays
         3. Writable control store
      2. Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids
         1. Automatic synthesis
         2. Formal models
         3. Simulation
      3. Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
         1. Diagnostics
         2. Error-checking
         3. Redundant design
         4. Test generation
      4. Microprogram Design Aids
         1. Firmware engineering
         2. Languages and compilers
         3. Machine-independent microcode generation
         4. Optimization
         5. Verification
      5. Microcode Applications
         1. Direct data manipulation
         2. Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets
         3. Instruction set interpretation
         4. Peripheral control
         5. Special-purpose
      13. Miscellaneous
          1. Emerging technologies
   2. Arithmetic and Logic Structures
   3. 0. General
      1. Design Styles
         1. Calculator
         2. Parallel
         3. Pipeline
         4. Multiple valued logic
      2. Performance Analysis and Design Aids
         1. Simulation
         2. Verification
         3. Worst-case analysis
      3. Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
         1. Diagnostics
         2. Error-checking
         3. Redundant design
         4. Test generation
      4. High-Speed Arithmetic
         1. Algorithms
         2. Cost/performance
      13. Miscellaneous
   4. Memory Structures
      0. General
      1. Semiconductor Memories
         1. DRAM
         2. ROM
         3. SRAM
      2. Design Styles
         1. Associative memories
         2. Cache memories
         3. Interleaved memories
         4. Mass storage
         5. Primary memory
         6. Sequential-access memory
         7. Shared memory
         8. Virtual memory
      3. Performance Analysis and Design Aids
         1. Formal models
         2. Simulation
         3. Worst-case analysis
      4. Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
         1. Diagnostics
         2. Error-checking
         3. Redundant design
         4. Test generation
      13. Miscellaneous
   5. I/O and Data Communications
      0. General
      1. Data Communications Devices
         1. Processors
         2. Receivers
         3. Transmitters
      2. Input/Output Devices
         1. Channels and controllers
         2. Data terminals and printers
         3. Image display
         4. Voice
      3. Interconnections (Subsystems)
         1. Asynchronous/synchronous operation
         2. Fiber optics
         3. Interfaces
         4. Parallel I/O
         5. Physical structures
         6. Topology
         7. Web technologies
         8. Wireless systems
      4. Performance Analysis and Design Aids
         1. Formal models
         2. Simulation
         3. Verification
         4. Worst-case analysis
      5. Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
         1. Built-in tests
         2. Diagnostics
         3. Error-checking
         4. Hardware reliability
         5. Redundant design
         6. Test generation
      13. Miscellaneous
   6. Register-Transfer-Level Implementation
      0. General
      1. Design
         1. Arithmetic and logic units
         2. Control design
         3. Data-path design
         4. Memory design
         5. Styles
      2. Design Aids
         1. Automatic synthesis
         2. Hardware description languages
         3. Optimization
         4. Simulation
         5. Verification
      3. Reliability and Testing
         1. Built-in tests
         2. Error-checking
         3. Redundant design
         4. Test generation
         5. Testability
      13. Miscellaneous
   7. Logic Design
      0. General
      1. Design Styles
         1. Cellular arrays and automata
         2. Combinational logic
         3. Logic arrays
         4. Memory control and access
         5. Memory used as logic
         6. Parallel circuits
         7. Sequential circuits
      2. Reliability and Testing
         1. Built-in tests
         2. Error-checking
         3. Redundant design
         4. Test generation
         5. Testability
      3. Design Aids
         1. Automatic synthesis
         2. Hardware description languages
         3. Optimization
         4. Simulation
         5. Switching theory
         6. Verification
      13. Miscellaneous
   8. Integrated Circuits
      0. General
      1. Types and Design Styles
         1. Advanced technologies
         2. Algorithms implemented in hardware
         3. Gate arrays
         4. Input/output circuits
         5. Memory technologies
         6. Microprocessors and microcomputers
         7. Network connectivity chips
         8. Standard cells
         9. VLSI
      2. Design Aids
         1. Graphics
         2. Layout
         3. Placement and routing
         4. Simulation
         5. Verification
      3. Reliability and Testing
         1. Built-in tests
         2. Error-checking
         3. Fault injection
         4. Redundant design
         5. Test generation
         6. Testability
      13. Miscellaneous
   9. Performance and Reliability
      0. General
      1. Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
      2. Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      13. Miscellaneous
   10. Power Management
       1. Low-power design
       2. Energy-aware systems
   13. Miscellaneous
       1. Design management
3. Computer Systems Organization
   0. General
      1. Emerging technologies
      2. Hardware/software interfaces
      3. Instruction set design
      4. Modeling of computer architecture
      5. System architectures, integration and modeling
      6. Systems specification methodology
   1. Processor Architectures
      0. General
      1. Single Data Stream Architectures
         1. MISD processors
         2. Pipeline processors
         3. RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures
         4. SISD processors
         5. Von Neumann architectures
      2. Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
         1. Array and vector processors
         2. Associative processors
         3. Connection machines
         4. Interconnection architectures
         5. Load balancing and task assignment
         6. MIMD processors
         7. Parallel processors
         8. Pipeline processors
         9. TC scheduling and synchronization
         10. SIMD processors
      3. Other Architecture Styles
         1. Adaptable architectures
         2. Analog computers
         3. Capability architectures
         4. Cellular architecture
         5. Dataflow architectures
         6. Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
         7. High-level language architectures
         8. Multithreaded processors
         9. Neural nets
         10. Neurocomputers
         11. Pipeline processors
         12. Stack-oriented processors
      4. Parallel Architectures
         1. Distributed architectures
         2. Mobile processors
         3. Real-time distributed
         4. Scheduling and task partitioning
      13. Miscellaneous
          1. Analog computers
          2. Hybrid systems
   2. Communication/Networking and Information Technology
      0. General
         1. Architecture
         2. Data communications
         3. Emerging technologies
         4. Infrastructure protection
         5. Interprocessor communications
         6. Network-level security and protection
         7. OSI reference model
         8. Standards
      1. Network Architecture and Design
         1. ATM
         2. Centralized networks
         3. Circuit-switching networks
         4. Distributed networks
         5. Frame relay networks
         6. ISDN
         7. Network communications
         8. Network topology
         9. Packet-switching networks
         10. Store and forward networks
         11. Wireless communication
      2. Network Protocols
         1. Applications
         2. Protocol architecture
         3. Protocol verification
         4. Routing protocols
      3. Network Operations
         1. Network management
         2. Network monitoring
         3. Public networks
      4. Distributed Systems
         1. Client/server
         2. Distributed applications
         3. Distributed databases
         4. Network operating systems
      5. Local-Area Networks
         1. Access schemes
         2. Buses
         3. Ethernet
         4. High-speed
         5. Internet
         6. Token rings
      6. Internetworking
         1. Bridges
         2. Gateways
         3. Multicast
         4. Protocols
         5. Routers
         6. Standards
      7. Wide-area networks
         1. CATV
         2. Optical fiber
         3. Sensor networks
         4. Telephony
         5. Wireless
      8. Mobile Computing
         1. Algorithm/protocol design and analysis
         2. Architectures
         3. Mobile communication systems
         4. Mobile environments
         5. Support services
      13. Miscellaneous
   3. Special-Purpose and Application-Based Systems
      1. Application studies resulting in better multiple-processor systems
      2. Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
      3. Process control systems
      4. Real-time and embedded systems
      5. Reconfigurable hardware
      6. Signal processing systems
      7. Smartcards
      8. Ubiquitous computing
   4. Performance of Systems
      1. Design studies
      2. Fault tolerance
      3. Measurement techniques
      4. Modeling techniques
      5. Performance attributes
      6. Reliability, availability, and serviceability
      7. Measurement, evaluation, modeling, simulation of multiple-processor systems
   5. Computer System Implementation
      0. General
      1. Large and Medium ("Mainframe")
         1. Super (very large) computers
      2. Minicomputers
      3. Microcomputers
         1. Microprocessors
         2. Personal computers
         3. Portable devices
         4. Workstations
      4. VLSI Systems
         1. Impact of VLSI on system design
      5. Servers
         1. Web server
         2. Web browser
      6. Multiprocessor Systems
      7. Wearable Computers
      13. Miscellaneous
4. Software/Software Engineering
   0. General
   1. Programming Techniques
      0. General
      1. Applicative (Functional) Programming
      2. Automatic Programming
      3. Concurrent Programming
      4. Sequential Programming
      5. Object-Oriented Programming
      6. Logic Programming
      7. Visual Programming
      8. Distributed programming
      13. Miscellaneous
   2. Software Engineering
      0. General
         1. Protection mechanisms
         2. Software psychology
         3. Software engineering for Internet projects
         4. Standards
         5. Surveys of historical development of one particular area
      1. Requirements/Specifications
         1. Analysis
         2. Elicitation methods
         3. Languages
         4. Management
         5. Methodologies
         6. Process
         7. Specification
         8. Tools
         9. Validation
      2. Design Tools and Techniques
         1. CASE
         2. Decision tables
         3. Distributed/Internet based software engineering tools and techniques
         4. Modules and interfaces
         5. Programmer workbench
      3. Coding Tools and Techniques
         1. Object-oriented programming
         2. Pretty printers
         3. Program editors
         4. Reentrant code
         5. Standards
         6. Structured programming
         7. Top-down programming
      4. Software/Program Verification
         1. Assertion checkers, assertion languages, performance
         2. Class invariants
         3. Correctness proofs
         4. Formal methods
         5. Model checking
         6. Programming by contract
         7. Reliability
         8. Statistical methods
         9. Validation
      5. Testing and Debugging
         1. Code inspections and walkthroughs
         2. Debugging aids
         3. Diagnostics
         4. Distributed debugging
         5. Dumps
         6. Error handling and recovery
         7. Monitors
         8. Reliability
         9. Symbolic execution
         10. Test levels
         11. Testing strategies
         12. Test design
         13. Test coverage of code
         14. Test coverage of specifications
         15. Test execution
         16. Test documentation
         17. Test management
         18. Testing tools
         19. Tracing
         20. Usability testing
      6. Programming Environments/Construction Tools
         1. Environments for multiple-processor systems
         2. Graphical environments
         3. Integrated environments
         4. Interactive environments
         5. Programmer workbench
      7. Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement
         1. Conversion from sequential to parallel forms
         2. Corrections
         3. Documentation
         4. Enhancement
         5. Evolving Internet applications
         6. Extensibility
         7. Maintainability
         8. Maintenance management
         9. Maintenance measurement
         10. Maintenance planning
         11. Maintenance process
         12. Portability
         13. Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
         14. Version control
      8. Metrics/Measurement
         1. Complexity measures
         2. Performance measures
         3. Process metrics
         4. Product metrics
         5. Software science
      9. Management
         1. Copyrights
         2. Cost estimation
         3. Enactment
         4. Initiation and scope definition
         5. Organizational management and coordination
         6. Planning
         7. Postclosure activities
         8. Productivity
         9. Programming teams
         10. Project close out
         11. Project control & modeling
         12. Review and evaluation
         13. Risk management
         14. Schedule and organizational issues
         15. Software acquisition
         16. Time estimation
      10. Design
          1. Design concepts
          2. Design notations and documentation
          3. Representation
          4. State diagrams
          5. Evolutionary prototyping
          6. Methodologies
          7. Object-oriented design methods
          8. Quality analysis and evaluation
          9. Rapid prototyping
          10. Representation
      11. Software Architectures
          1. Data abstraction
          2. Domain-specific architectures
          3. Information hiding
          4. Languages
          5. Patterns
      12. Interoperability
          1. Data mapping
          2. Distributed objects
          3. Interface definition languages
      13. Reusable Software
          1. Domain engineering
          2. Reusable libraries
          3. Reuse models
      14. Human Factors in Software Design
          1. User interfaces
      15. Software and System Safety
      16. Configuration Management
          1. Configuration auditing
          2. Configuration control
          3. Configuration identification
          4. Configuration management process
          5. Configuration status accounting
          6. Software release management and delivery
      17. Software Construction
          1. Construction planning
          2. Code design
          3. Code tuning
          4. Data design and management
          5. Error processing
          6. Source code organization
          7. Code documentation
          8. Construction QA
          9. Programming paradigms
          10. System integration and implementation
      18. Software Engineering Process
          1. Life cycle
          2. Process infrastructure
          3. Process measurement
          4. Process definition
          5. Software process models
          6. Qualitative process analysis
          7. Process implementation and change
      19. Software Quality/SQA
          1. Quality concepts
          2. Planning for SQA and V&V
          3. Methods for SQA and V&V
          4. Measurement applied to SQA and V&V
      13. Miscellaneous
          1. Software libraries
          2. System issues
   3. Programming Languages
      0. General
         1. Standards
      1. Formal Definitions and Theory
         1. Semantics
         2. Syntax
      2. Language Classifications
         1. Applicative (functional) languages
         2. Componentware
         3. Compression technologies
         4. Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
         5. Constraint and logic languages
         6. Dataflow languages
         7. Design languages
         8. Development tools
         9. Extensible languages
         10. Java
         11. Macro and assembly languages
         12. Microprogramming languages
         13. Multiparadigm languages
         14. Nondeterministic languages
         15. Nonprocedural languages
         16. Object-oriented languages
         17. Query languages
         18. Scripting languages
         19. Specialized application languages
         20. Very high-level languages
      3. Language Constructs and Features
         1. Abstract data types
         2. Classes and objects
         3. Concurrent programming structures
         4. Constraints
         5. Control structures
         6. Coroutines
         7. Data types and structures
         8. Distributed objects, components, containers
         9. Dynamic storage management
         10. Frameworks
         11. Inheritance
         12. Input/output
         13. Modules, packages
         14. Patterns
         15. Polymorphism
         16. Procedures, functions, and subroutines
         17. Recursion
      4. Processors
         1. Code generation
         2. Compilers
         3. Debuggers
         4. Incremental compilers
         5. Interpreters
         6. Memory management
         7. Optimization
         8. Parsing
         9. Preprocessors
         10. Retargetable compilers
         11. Runtime environments
         12. Translator writing systems and compile
      13. Miscellaneous
   4. Operating Systems
      0. General
      1. Process Management
         1. Concurrency
         2. Deadlocks
         3. Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
         4. Mutual exclusion
         5. Scheduling
         6. Synchronization
         7. Threads
      2. Storage Management
         1. Allocation/deallocation strategies
         2. Distributed memories
         3. Garbage collection
         4. Main memory
         5. Secondary storage
         6. Segmentation
         7. Storage hierarchies
         8. Swapping
         9. Virtual memory
      3. File Systems Management
         1. Access methods
         2. Directory structures
         3. Distributed file systems
         4. File organization
         5. Maintenance
      4. Communications Management
         1. Buffering
         2. Input/output
         3. Message sending
         4. Network communication
         5. Terminal management
      5. Reliability
         1. Backup procedures
         2. Checkpoint/restart
         3. Disconnected operation
         4. Fault-tolerance
         5. High availability
         6. Verification
      6. Security and Privacy Protection
         1. Access controls
         2. Authentication
         3. Cryptographic controls
         4. Information flow controls
         5. Invasive software
         6. Security kernels
         7. Verification
      7. Organization and Design
         1. Batch processing systems
         2. Distributed systems
         3. Hierarchical design
         4. Interactive systems
         5. Real-time systems and embedded systems
         6. Parallel systems
      8. Performance
         1. Measurements
         2. Modeling and prediction
         3. Monitors
         4. Operational analysis
         5. Queuing theory
         6. Simulation
         7. Stochastic analysis
      9. Systems Programs and Utilities
         1. Command and control languages
         2. Linkers
         3. Loaders
         4. Window managers
      10. Support for Adaptation
          1. Application-aware adaptation
          2. Application-transparent adaptation
          3. Fidelity, agility, and stability
          4. Low-bandwidth operation
          5. Transcoding
      13. Miscellaneous
5. Data
   0. General
      1. Data communications aspects
      2. Data dependencies
      3. Data encryption
      4. File organization
      5. Knowledge and data engineering tools and techniques
      6. System applications and experience
   1. Data Structures
      1. Arrays
      2. Distributed data structures
      3. Distributed file systems
      4. Graphs and networks
      5. Lists, stacks, and queues
      6. Records
      7. Tables
      8. Trees
   2. Data Storage Representations
      1. Composite structures
      2. Contiguous representations
      3. Hash-table representations
      4. Linked representations
      5. Object representation
      6. Primitive data items
   3. Data Encryption
      1. Code breaking
      2. DES
      3. Public key cryptosystems
      4. Standards
   4. Coding and Information Theory
      1. Data compaction and compression
      2. Error control codes
      3. Normal models of communication
      4. Nonsecret encoding schemes
   5. Files
      1. Backup/recovery
      2. Optimization
      3. Organization/structure
      4. Sorting/searching
   13. Miscellaneous
6. Theory of Computation
   0. General
   1. Computation by Abstract Devices
      0. General
      1. Models of Computation
         1. Automata
         2. Bounded-action devices
         3. Computability theory
         4. Relations between models
         5. Self-modifying machines
         6. Unbounded-action devices
      2. Modes of Computation
         1. Alternation and nondeterminism
         2. Interactive and reactive computation
         3. Online computation
         4. Parallelism and concurrency
         5. Probabilistic computation
         6. Relations among modes
         7. Relativized computation
      3. Complexity Measures and Classes
         1. Complexity hierarchies
         2. Machine-independent complexity
         3. Reducibility and completeness
         4. Relations among complexity classes
         5. Relations among complexity measures
      13. Miscellaneous
   2. Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity
      0. General
      1. Numerical Algorithms and Problems
         1. Computation of transforms
         2. Computations in finite fields
         3. Computations on matrices
         4. Computations on polynomials
         5. Number-theoretic computations
      2. Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems
         1. Complexity of proof procedures
         2. Computations on discrete structures
         3. Geometrical problems and computations
         4. Pattern matching
         5. Routing and layout
         6. Sequencing and scheduling
      3. Sorting and searching
      13. Miscellaneous
   3. Logics and Meanings of Programs
      0. General
      1. Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
         1. Assertions
         2. Invariants
         3. Logics of programs
         4. Mechanical verification
         5. Pre- and post-conditions
         6. Specification techniques
      2. Semantics of Programming Languages
         1. Algebraic approaches to semantics
         2. Denotational semantics
         3. Operational semantics
         4. Partial evaluation
         5. Process models
         6. Program analysis
      3. Studies of Program Constructs
         1. Control primitives
         2. Functional constructs
         3. Object-oriented constructs
         4. Program and recursion schemes
         5. Type structure
      13. Miscellaneous
   4. Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages
      0. General
      1. Mathematical Logic
         1. Computability theory
         2. Computational logic
         3. Lambda calculus and related systems
         4. Logic and constraint programming
         5. Mechanical theorem proving
         6. Modal logic
         7. Model theory
         8. Proof theory
         9. Recursive function theory
         10. Set theory
         11. Temporal logic
      2. Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems
         1. Decision problems
         2. Grammar types
         3. Parallel rewriting systems
         4. Parsing
         5. Thue systems
      3. Formal Languages
         1. Algebraic language theory
         2. Classes defined by grammars or automata
         3. Classes defined by resource-bounded automata
         4. Decision problems
         5. Operations on languages
      13. Miscellaneous
   13. Miscellaneous
7. Mathematics of Computing
   0. General
   1. Numerical Analysis
      0. General
         1. Computer arithmetic
         2. Conditioning and ill-conditioning
         3. Error analysis
         4. Interval arithmetic
         5. Multiple precision arithmetic
         6. Numerical algorithms
         7. Parallel algorithms
         8. Stability and instability
      1. Interpolation
         1. Difference formulas
         2. Extrapolation
         3. Interpolation formulas
         4. Smoothing
         5. Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation
      2. Approximation
         1. Approximation of surfaces and contours
         2. Chebyshev approximation and theory
         3. Elementary function approximation
         4. Fast Fourier transforms
         5. Least squares approximation
         6. Linear approximation
         7. Minimax approximation and algorithms
         8. Nonlinear approximation
         9. Rational approximation
         10. Special function approximations
         11. Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
         12. Wavelets and fractals
      3. Numerical Linear Algebra
         1. Conditioning
         2. Determinants
         3. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
         4. Error analysis
         5. Linear systems
         6. Matrix inversion
         7. Pseudoinverses
         8. Singular value decomposition
         9. Sparse, structured, and very large systems
      4. Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation
         1. Adaptive and iterative quadrature
         2. Automatic differentiation
         3. Equal interval integration
         4. Error analysis
         5. Finite difference methods
         6. Gaussian quadrature
         7. Iterative methods
         8. Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature
      5. Roots of Nonlinear Equations
         1. Continuation (homotopy) methods
         2. Convergence
         3. Error analysis
         4. Iterative methods
         5. Polynomials, methods for
         6. Systems of equations
      6. Optimization
         1. Constrained optimization
         2. Convex programming
         3. Global optimization
         4. Gradient methods
         5. Inter programming
         6. Least squares methods
         7. Linear programming
         8. Nonlinear programming
         9. Quadratic programming methods
         10. Simulated annealing
         11. Stochastic programming
         12. Unconstrained optimization
      7. Ordinary Differential Equations
         1. Boundary value problems
         2. Chaotic systems
         3. Convergence and stability
         4. Differential-algebraic equations
         5. Error analysis
         6. Finite difference methods
         7. Initial value problems
         8. Multistep and multivalue methods
         9. One-step (single step) methods
         10. Stiff equations
      8. Partial Differential Equations
         1. Domain decomposition methods
         2. Elliptic equations
         3. Finite difference methods
         4. Finite element methods
         5. Finite volume methods
         6. Hyperbolic equations
         7. Inverse problems
         8. Iterative solution techniques
         9. Method of lines
         10. Multigrid and multilevel methods
         11. Parabolic equations
         12. Spectral methods
      9. Integral Equations
         1. Delay equations
         2. Fredholm equation
         3. Intro-differential equations
         4. Volterra equations
      10. Applications
      13. Miscellaneous
   2. Discrete Mathematics
      0. General
      1. Combinatorics
         1. Combinatorial algorithms
         2. Counting problems
         3. Generating functions
         4. Permutations and combinations
         5. Recurrences and difference equations
      2. Graph Theory
         1. Graph algorithms
         2. Graph labeling
         3. Hypergraphs
         4. Network problems
         5. Path and circuit problems
         6. Trees
      3. Applications
      13. Miscellaneous
   3. Probability and Statistics
      1. Contingency table analysis
      2. Correlation and regression analysis
      3. Distribution functions
      4. Experimental design
      5. Markov processes
      6. Multivariate statistics
      7. Nonparametric statistics
      8. Probabilistic algorithms
      9. Queuing theory
      10. Random number generation
      11. Reliability and life testing
      12. Renewal theory
      13. Robust regression
      14. Statistical computing
      15. Statistical software
      16. Stochastic processes
      17. Survival analysis
      18. Time series analysis
   4. Mathematical Software
      1. Algorithm design and analysis
      2. Certification and testing
      3. Documentation
      4. Efficiency
      5. Parallel and vector implementations
      6. Portability
      7. Reliability and robustness
      8. User interfaces
      9. Verification
   13. Miscellaneous
       1. Queuing theory
8. Information Technology and Systems
   0. General
      1. Infrastructure Protection
   1. Models and Principles
      0. General
      1. Systems and Information Theory
         1. General systems theory
         2. Information theory
         3. Value of information
      2. User/Machine Systems
         1. Human factors
         2. Human-centered computing
         3. Human information processing
         4. Software psychology
      13. Miscellaneous
   2. Database Management
      0. General
         1. Security, integrity, and protection
         2. Database design, modeling and management
         3. Query design and implementation languages
      1. Logical Design
         1. Data models
         2. Database architectures
         3. Database integration
         4. Database models
         5. Normal forms
         6. Schema and subschema
      2. Physical Design
         1. Access methods
         2. Deadlock avoidance
         3. Indexing methods
         4. Physical database design prototypes
         5. Recovery and restart
      3. Languages
         1. Data description languages
         2. Data manipulation languages
         3. Database (persistent) programming languages
         4. Database semantics
         5. Query languages
         6. Report writers
      4. Systems
         1. Active databases
         2. Buffer management
         3. Concurrency
         4. Distributed databases
         5. Multimedia databases
         6. Object-oriented databases
         7. Parallel databases
         8. Query processing
         9. Relational database
         10. Rule-based databases
         11. Spatial databases
         12. Statistical databases
         13. Temporal databases
         14. Textual databases
         15. Transaction processing
         16. Workflow management
      5. Heterogeneous Databases
         1. Data translation
         2. Program translation
      6. Database Machines
      7. Database Administration
         1. Data dictionary/directory
         2. Data warehouse and repository
         3. Logging and recovery
         4. Security, integrity, and protection
      8. Database Applications
         1. Bioinformatics (genome or protein) databases
         2. Clustering, classification, and association rules
         3. Data and knowledge visualization
         4. Data mining
         5. Feature extraction or construction
         6. Knowledge management applications
         7. Image databases
         8. Interactive data exploration and discovery
         9. Mining methods and algorithms
         10. Modeling structured, textual and multimedia data
         11. Personalization
         12. Text mining
         13. Web mining
         14. Scientific databases
         15. Spatial databases and GIS
         16. Statistical databases
      13. Miscellaneous
   3. Information Storage and Retrieval
      0. General
         1. Web Search
      1. Context Analysis and Indexing
         1. Abstracting methods
         2. Dictionaries
         3. Indexing methods
         4. Linguistic processing
         5. Thesauruses
      2. Information Storage
         1. Document/file management
         2. File organization
         3. Record classification
         4. Storage/repositories
      3. Information Search and Retrieval
         1. Clustering
         2. Information filtering
         3. Internet search
         4. Metadata
         5. Query formulation
         6. Relevance feedback
         7. Retrieval models
         8. Search process
         9. Selection process
      4. Systems and Software
         1. Current awareness systems
         2. Distributed systems
         3. Information networks
         4. Performance evaluation
         5. Question-answering systems
         6. User profiles and alert services
      5. Online Information Services
         1. Commercial services
         2. Data sharing
         3. DOM
         4. HTML/DHTML CSS
         5. Web-based services
         6. XML/XSL/RDF
      6. Library Automation
         1. Large text archives
      7. Digital Libraries
         1. Collection
         2. Dissemination
         3. Standards
         4. Systems issues
         5. User issues
      13. Miscellaneous
   4. Information Technology and Systems Applications
      0. General
      1. Office Automation
         1. Desktop publishing
         2. Equipment
         3. Groupware
         4. Spreadsheets
         5. Time management
         6. Word processing
         7. Workflow management
      2. Types of Systems
         1. Decision support
         2. Logistics
      3. Communications Applications
         1. Bulletin boards
         2. Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
         3. Electronic mail
         4. Information browsers
         5. Videotex
      13. Miscellaneous
   5. Information Interfaces and Representation (HCI)
      0. General
      1. Multimedia Information Systems
         1. Animations
         2. Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
         3. Audio input/output
         4. Evaluation/methodology
         5. Hypertext navigation and maps
         6. Image/video retrieval
         7. Video
      2. User Interfaces
         1. Auditory (non-speech) feedback
         2. Benchmarking
         3. Design for wearability
         4. Ergonomics
         5. Evaluation/methodology
         6. Graphical user interfaces
         7. Haptic I/O
         8. Input devices and strategies
         9. Interaction styles
         10. Natural language
         11. Prototyping
         12. Screen design
         13. Standardization
         14. Style guides
         15. Theory and methods
         16. Training, help, and documentation
         17. User-centered design
         18. User interface management systems
         19. Vision I/O
         20. Voice I/O
         21. Windowing systems
      3. Group and Organization Interfaces
         1. Asynchronous interaction
         2. Collaborative computing
         3. Computer-supported cooperative work
         4. Evaluation/methodology
         5. Organizational design
         6. Synchronous interaction
         7. Theory and models
         8. Web-based interaction
      4. Hypertext/Hypermedia
         1. Architectures
         2. Navigation
         3. Theory
         4. User issues
      5. Sound and Music Computing
         1. Methodologies and techniques
         2. Modeling
         3. Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
         4. Systems
      13. Miscellaneous
   13. Miscellaneous
9. Computing Methodologies
   0. General
   1. Symbolic and algebraic manipulation
      0. General
      1. Expressions and Their Representation
         1. Representations
         2. Simplification of expressions
      2. Algorithms
         1. Algebraic algorithms
         2. Algorithms for data and knowledge management
         3. Analysis of algorithms
         4. Nonalgebraic algorithms
         5. Performance evaluation of algorithms and systems
      3. Languages and Systems
         1. Evaluation strategies
         2. Nonprocedural languages
         3. Special-purpose algebraic systems
         4. Special-purpose hardware
         5. Substitution mechanisms
      4. Applications
      13. Miscellaneous
   2. Artificial Intelligence
      0. General
         1. Cognitive simulation
         2. Philosophical foundations
      1. Applications and Expert Knowledge-Intensive Systems
         1. Cartography
         2. Computer vision
         3. Decision support
         4. Education
         5. Environment
         6. Games and infotainment
         7. Industrial automation
         8. Law
         9. Mathematics
         10. Medicine and science
         11. Military
         12. Natural language interfaces
         13. Office automation
         14. Space
         15. Transportation
      2. Automatic Programming
         1. Automatic analysis of algorithms
         2. Program modification
         3. Program synthesis
         4. Program transformation
         5. Program verification
      3. Deduction and Theorem Proving and Knowledge Processing
         1. Answer/reason extraction
         2. Constraint-based processing
         3. Deduction
         4. Inference engines
         5. Logic processing
         6. Logic programming
         7. Mathematical induction
         8. Metatheory
         9. Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
         10. Resolution
         11. Rule-based processing
         12. Uncertainty, "fuzzy," and probabilistic reasoning
      4. Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods
         1. Agent communication languages
         2. Distributed representations
         3. Frames and scripts
         4. Knowledge base management
         5. Knowledge base verification
         6. Modal logic
         7. Predicate logic
         8. Relation systems
         9. Representation languages
         10. Representations (procedural and rule-based)
         11. Semantic networks
         12. Storage mechanisms
         13. Temporal logic
      5. Programming Languages and Software
         1. Expert and knowledge-intensive system tools and techniques
      6. Learning
         1. Analogies
         2. Concept learning
         3. Connectionism and neural nets
         4. Heuristics design
         5. Induction
         6. Knowledge acquisition
         7. Machine learning
         8. Language acquisition
         9. Parameter learning
      7. Natural Language Processing
         1. Discourse
         2. Language generation
         3. Language models
         4. Language parsing and understanding
         5. Language summarization
         6. Machine translation
         7. Speech recognition and synthesis
         8. Text analysis
         9. Web text analysis
      8. Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search
         1. Backtracking
         2. Constraint satisfaction
         3. Control theory
         4. Dynamic programming
         5. Graph and tree search strategies
         6. Heuristic methods
         7. Plan execution, formation, and generation
         8. Scheduling
      9. Robotics
         1. Autonomous vehicles
         2. Biorobotics
         3. Commercial robots and applications
         4. Kinematics and dynamics
         5. Manipulators
         6. Nanorobots
         7. Neuromorphic computing
         8. Operator interfaces
         9. Propelling mechanisms
         10. Sensors
         11. Workcell organization and planning
         12. Vision
      10. Vision and Scene Understanding
          1. 3D/stereo scene analysis
          2. Architecture and control structures
          3. Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
          4. Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
          5. Motion
          6. Perceptual reasoning
          7. Representations, data structures, and transforms
          8. Shape
          9. Texture
          10. Video analysis
      11. Distributed Artificial Intelligence
          1. Coherence and coordination
          2. Intelligent agents
          3. Languages and structures
          4. Multiagent systems
      12. Intelligent Web Services and Semantic Web
          1. Intelligent Web service languages
          2. Internet reasoning services
          3. Ontology design
          4. Ontology languages
      13. Knowledge Management
          1. Knowledge acquisition
          2. Knowledge engineering methodologies
          3. Knowledge life cycles
          4. Knowledge maintenance
          5. Knowledge modeling
          6. Knowledge personalization and customization
          7. Knowledge publishing
          8. Knowledge retrieval
          9. Knowledge reuse
          10. Knowledge valuation
      13. Miscellaneous
          1. Adaptive hypermedia
          2. Computational neuroscience
          3. Evolutionary computing and genetic algorithms
          4. Wearable AI
   3. Computer Graphics
      0. General
      1. Hardware Architecture
         1. Graphics processors
         2. Hardcopy devices
         3. Input devices
         4. Parallel processing
         5. Raster display devices
         6. Storage devices
         7. Three-dimensional displays
         8. Vector display devices
      2. Graphics Systems
         1. Distributed/network graphics
         2. Remote systems
         3. Stand-alone systems
      3. Picture/Image Generation
         1. Antialiasing
         2. Bitmap and frame buffer operations
         3. Digitizing and scanning
         4. Display algorithms
         5. Image-based rendering
         6. Line and curve generation
         7. Viewing algorithms
      4. Graphics Utilities
         1. Application packages
         2. Device drivers
         3. Graphics editors
         4. Graphics packages
         5. Meta files
         6. Paint systems
         7. Picture description languages
         8. Software support
         9. Virtual device interfaces
      5. Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
         1. Boundary representations
         2. Constructive solid geometry
         3. Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
         4. Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
         5. Hierarchy and geometric transformations
         6. Modeling packages
         7. Modeling from video
         8. Object hierarchies
         9. Physically based modeling
         10. Splines
      6. Methodology and Techniques
         1. Device independence
         2. Ergonomics
         3. Graphics data structures and data types
         4. Interaction techniques
         5. Languages
         6. Standards
      7. Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism
         1. Animation
         2. Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
         3. Fractals
         4. Hidden line/surface removal
         5. Radiosity
         6. Raytracing
         7. Virtual reality
         8. Visible line/surface algorithms
      8. Applications
      13. Miscellaneous
   4. Image Processing and Computer Vision
      0. General
         1. Image displays
         2. Image processing software
      1. Digitization and Image Capture
         1. Camera calibration
         2. Imaging geometry
         3. Quantization
         4. Radiometry
         5. Reflectance
         6. Sampling
         7. Scanning
      2. Compression (Coding)
         1. Approximate methods
         2. Exact coding
         3. Model-based coding
         4. MP-4 and MP-7
         5. Video coding
      3. Enhancement
         1. Filtering
         2. Geometric correction
         3. Grayscale manipulation
         4. Registration
         5. Sharpening and deblurring
         6. Smoothing
      4. Restoration
         1. Inverse filtering
         2. Kalman filtering
         3. Pseudoinverse restoration
         4. Wiener filtering
      5. Reconstruction
         1. Series expansion methods
         2. Summation methods
         3. Transform methods
      6. Segmentation
         1. Edge and feature detection
         2. Graph-theoretic methods
         3. Markov random fields
         4. Pixel classification
         5. Region growing, partitioning
         6. Relaxation
         7. Stochastic methods
      7. Feature Measurement
         1. Feature representation
         2. Invariants
         3. Moments
         4. Projections
         5. Size and shape
         6. Texture
      8. Scene Analysis
         1. Color
         2. Depth cues
         3. Image models
         4. Motion
         5. Object recognition
         6. Photometry
         7. Range data
         8. Sensor fusion
         9. Shading
         10. Shape
         11. Stereo
         12. Surface fitting
         13. Time-varying imagery
         14. Tracking
      9. Applications
      10. Image Representation
          1. Hierarchical
          2. Morphological
          3. Multidimensional
          4. Statistical
          5. Volumetric
      13. Miscellaneous
   5. Pattern Recognition
      0. General
      1. Models
         1. Deterministic
         2. Fuzzy set
         3. Geometric
         4. Neural nets
         5. Statistical
         6. Structural
         7. Syntactic
      2. Design Methodology
         1. Classifier design and evaluation
         2. Feature evaluation and selection
         3. Pattern analysis
      3. Clustering
         1. Algorithms
         2. Similarity measures
      4. Applications
         1. Arts
         2. Computer vision
         3. Computational models of vision
         4. Face and gesture recognition
         5. Government
         6. Handwriting analysis
         7. Industry
         8. Medicine
         9. Military
         10. Remote sensing
         11. Robotics
         12. Sciences
         13. Signal processing
         14. Text processing
         15. Waveform analysis
      5. Implementation
         1. Interactive systems
         2. Real-time systems
         3. Special architectures
      13. Miscellaneous
   6. Simulation, Modeling, and Visualization
      0. General
      1. Simulation Theory
         1. Model classification
         2. Systems theory
         3. Types of simulation
      2. Simulation Languages
      3. Applications
      4. Model Validation and Analysis
      5. Model Development
         1. Modeling methodologies
      6. Simulation Output Analysis
      7. Simulation Support Systems
         1. Environments
      8. Types of Simulation
         1. Animation
         2. Combined
         3. Continuous
         4. Discrete event
         5. Distributed
         6. Gaming
         7. Monte Carlo
         8. Parallel
         9. Visual
      9. Visualization
         1. Applications
         2. Flow visualization
         3. Information visualization
         4. Multivariate visualization
         5. Visual programming and program visualization
         6. Visualization systems and software
         7. Visualization techniques and methodologies
         8. Volume visualization
      13. Miscellaneous
   7. Document and Text Processing
      0. General
      1. Document and Text Editing
         1. Document management
         2. Languages
         3. Spelling
         4. Version control
      2. Document Preparation
         1. Desktop publishing
         2. Format and notation
         3. Hypertext/hypermedia
         4. Index generation
         5. Languages and systems
         6. Markup languages
         7. Multi/mixed media
         8. Photocomposition/typesetting
         9. Scripting languages
         10. Standards
      3. Index Generation
      4. Electronic Publishing
      5. Document Capture
         1. Document analysis
         2. Document indexing
         3. Graphics recognition and interpretation
         4. Optical character recognition
         5. Scanning
      13. Miscellaneous
   13. Miscellaneous
10. Computer Applications
    0. General
    1. Administrative Data Processing
       1. Business
       2. Education
       3. Financial
       4. Government
       5. Law
       6. Manufacturing
       7. Marketing
       8. Military
    2. Physical Sciences and Engineering
       1. Aerospace
       2. Archaeology
       3. Astronomy
       4. Chemistry
       5. Earth and atmospheric sciences
       6. Electronics
       7. Engineering
       8. Mathematics and statistics
       9. Physics
    3. Life and Medical Sciences
       1. Biology and genetics
       2. Health
       3. Medical information systems
    4. Social and Behavioral Sciences
       1. Economics
       2. Psychology
       3. Sociology
    5. Arts and Humanities
       1. Architecture
       2. Arts, fine and performing
       3. Fine arts
       4. Language translation
       5. Linguistics
       6. Literature
       7. Music
       8. Performing arts
    6. Computer-Aided Engineering
       1. Computer-aided design
       2. Computer-aided manufacturing
    7. Computers in Other Systems
       1. Command and control
       2. Consumer products
       3. Industrial control
       4. Military
       5. Process control
       6. Publishing
       7. Real time
    8. Internet Applications
       1. Client/server and multitier systems
       2. Databases
       3. Database connectivity
       4. Distributed file systems
       5. Electronic commerce
       6. Engineering design
       7. Games
       8. Health care
       9. Intranet/extranet/VPNs
       10. Libraries/information repositories/publishing
       11. Manufacturing
       12. Middleware/business logic
       13. Network repositories/data mining/backup
       14. Software engineering
       15. Traffic analysis
       16. Transaction software
       17. Web browsers
       18. Web servers
       19. Web site management/development tools
    9. Mobile Applications
       1. Location-dependent and sensitive
       2. Nomadic computing
       3. Multimedia applications and multimedia signal processing
       4. Pervasive computing
       5. Wearable computers and body area networks
       6. Wireless sensor networks
    13. Miscellaneous
11. Computing Milieux
    0. General
    1. The Computer Industry
       1. Markets
       2. Standards
       3. Statistics
       4. Suppliers
    2. History of Computing
       1. Hardware
       2. People
       3. Software
       4. Systems
       5. Theory
    3. Computers and Education
       0. General
       1. Computer Uses in Education
          1. Collaborative learning
          2. Computer-assisted instruction
          3. Computer-managed instruction
          4. Distance learning
       2. Computer and Information Science Education
          1. Accreditation
          2. Computer science education
          3. Curriculum
          4. Information systems education
          5. Literacy
          6. Self-assessment
       13. Miscellaneous
           1. Accreditation
           2. Computer literacy
    4. Computers and Society
       0. General
       1. Public Policy Issues
          1. Abuse and crime involving computers
          2. Computer-related health issues
          3. Ethics
          4. Human safety
          5. Intellectual property rights
          6. Privacy
          7. Regulation
          8. Transborder data flow
          9. Use/abuse of power
       2. Social Issues
          1. Abuse and crime involving computers
          2. Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
          3. Employment
          4. Handicapped persons/special needs
       3. Organizational Impacts
          1. Automation
          2. Computer-supported collaborative work
          3. Deployment, usage experience
          4. Employment
          5. Reengineering
          6. Scalability, maintainability
       4. Electronic Commerce
          1. Cybercash, digital cash
          2. Distributed commercial transactions
          3. Electronic data interchange
          4. Intellectual property
          5. Payment schemes
          6. Security
          7. Internet security policies
          8. Mobile code security
          9. Economic and other policies
       13. Miscellaneous
    5. Legal Aspects of Computing
       0. General
       1. Hardware/Software Protection
          1. Copyrights
          2. Licensing
          3. Patents
          4. Proprietary rights
          5. Trade secrets
       2. Governmental Issues
          1. Censorship
          2. Regulation
          3. Taxation
       13. Miscellaneous
           1. Contracts
           2. Hardware patents
    6. Management of Computing and Information Systems
       0. General
          1. Economics
          2. Information resource management
       1. Project and People Management
          1. Life cycle
          2. Management techniques
          3. Staffing
          4. Strategic information systems planning
          5. Systems analysis and design
          6. Systems development
          7. Training
       2. Installation Management
          1. Benchmarks
          2. Computer selection
          3. Computing equipment management
          4. Performance and usage measurement
          5. Pricing and resource allocation
       3. Software Management
          1. Software development
          2. Software maintenance
          3. Software process
          4. Software selection
       4. System Management
          1. Centralization/decentralization
          2. Management audit
          3. Quality assurance
       5. Security and Protection
          1. Authentication
          2. Insurance
          3. Invasive software (viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
          4. Physical security
          5. Unauthorized access (hacking, phreaking)
       13. Miscellaneous
           1. Insurance
           2. Security
    7. The Computing Profession
       0. General
          1. Career Management
       1. Occupations
       2. Organizations
       3. Testing, Certification, and Licensing
       4. Professional Ethics
          1. Codes of ethics
          2. Codes of good practice
          3. Ethical dilemmas
       13. Miscellaneous
           1. Codes of good practice
           2. Ethics
    8. Personal Computing
       0. General
          1. Games
       1. Application Packages
          1. Data communications
          2. Database processing
          3. Freeware/shareware
          4. Graphics
          5. Spreadsheets
          6. Word processing
       2. Hardware
       3. Management/Maintenance
       13. Miscellaneous
    13. Miscellaneous
        1. Business
        2. Education
        3. Financial
        4. Healthcare
        5. Industrial
        6. IT Applications
        7. Legal
        8. Library
        9. Military
        10. Publishing
        11. Sports

This is an extended version of the ACM Computing Classification System