This Article
	Subscribers, please Login Purchase article: $19 PDF HTML IEEE Xplore Subscribers RSS feed
	Share
	Email this Article to a friend
	Bibliographic References
	ASCII Text BibTex RefWorks Procite/RefMan
	Add to:
	Digg Furl Spurl Blink Simpy Google Del.icio.us Y!MyWeb
	Search
	Similar Articles Articles by Cheng-Lin Liu Articles by Stefan Jaeger Articles by Masaki Nakagawa

Online Recognition of Chinese Characters: The State-of-the-Art

February 2004 (vol. 26 no. 2)

pp. 198-213

[1] K. Akiyama and K. Ishigaki, A Method of Generating High Quality Online Character Recognition Dictionary Based on Training Samples Technical Report of IEICE, PRMU99-235 (2000-02), (in Japanese).
[2] K. Akiyama et al., An Adaptation Method Based on Template Cache for Online Character Recognition Technical Report of IEICE, PRMU2000-210 (2001-03), (in Japanese).
[3] D. Blostein, General Diagram-Recognition Methodologies Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications, R. Kasturi and K. Tombre eds. pp. 107-122, Springer, 1995.
[4] R.G. Casey, Moment Normalization of Handprinted Character IBM J. Research Development, vol. 14, pp. 548-557, 1970.
[5] K.-F. Chan and D.-Y. Yeung, Error Detection, Error Correction and Performance Evaluation in On-Line Mathematical Expression Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1671-1684, 2001.
[6] K.P. Chan and Y.S. Cheung, Fuzzy-Attribute Graph with Application to Chinese Character Recognition IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 153-160, Jan./Feb. 1992.
[7] J.W. Chen and S.Y. Lee, On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition via a Fuzzy Attribute Representation Image and Vision Computing, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 669-681, 1994.
[8] J.-W. Chen and S.-Y. Lee, A Hierarchical Representation for the Reference Database of On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Advances in Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition, P. Perner, P. Wang, and A. Rosenfeld, eds., pp. 351-400, Springer, 1996.
[9] J.-W. Chen and S.-Y. Lee, On-Line Handwriting Recognition of Chinese Characters via Rule-Based Approach Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 220-224, 1996.
[10] J.W. Chen and S.Y. Lee, On-Line Chinese Character Recognition via a Representation of Spatial Relationships between Strokes Int'l J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 329-357, 1997.
[11] K.J. Chen, K.K. Li, and Y.L. Chang, A System for On-Line Recognition of Chinese Characters Int'l J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 139-148, 1988.
[12] R.-H. Chen, C.-W. Lee, and Z. Chen, Preclassification of Handwritten Chinese Characters Based on Basic Stroke Substructures Proc. Fourth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 176-184, 1994.
[13] W.-T. Chen and T.-R. Chou, A Hierarchical Deformation Model for On-Line Cursive Script Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 205-219, 1994.
[14] Z. Chen, C.-W. Lee, and R.-H. Cheng, Handwritten Chinese Character Analysis and Preclassification Using Stroke Structural Sequence Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 89-93, 1996.
[15] S.-J. Cho and J.H. Kim, Bayesian Network Modeling of Strokes and Their Relationships for On-Line Handwriting Recognition Proc. Sixth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 86-90, 2001.
[16] K.-S. Chou et al, Knowledge Model Based Approach in Recognition of On-Line Chinese Characters IEEE J. Selected Areas Comm., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1566-1575, 1994.
[17] K.-S. Chou, K.-C. Fan, and C.-K. Lin, A Knowledge Based Approach to the Recognition of On-Line Confusing Chinese Characters Proc. Fourth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 185-194, 1994.
[18] K-S. Chou, K.-C. Fan, and T.-I. Fan, Radical-Based Neighboring Segment Matching Method for On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 84-88, 1996.
[19] K.-S. Chou, K.-C. Fan, and T.-I. Fan, Peripheral and Global Features for Use in Coarse Classification of Chinese Characters Pattern Recognition, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 483-489, 1997.
[20] T.-R. Chou and W.T. Chen, A Stochastic Representation of Cursive Chinese Characters for On-Line Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 903-920, 1997.
[21] A.P. Dempster, N.M. Laird, and D.B. Rubin, Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm J. Royal Statistical Soc. Series B., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-38, 1977.
[22] R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, and D.G. Stork, Pattern Classification, second ed. Wiley Interscience, 2001.
[23] K.-C. Fan, C.-K. Lin, and K.-S. Chou, Confusion Set Recognition of On-Line Character Recognition by Artificial Intelligence Techniques Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 303-313, 1995.
[24] T. Fujisaki, T.E. Chefalas, J. Kim, C.C. Tappert, and C.G. Wolf, On-Line Run-On Character Recognizer: Design and Performance Character and Handwriting Recognition: Expanding Frontiers, P.S.P. Wang ed., pp. 123-136, World Scientific, 1992.
[25] K. Fukunaga, Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition, second ed. Academic Press, 1990.
[26] T. Fukushima and M. Nakagawa, On-Line Writing-Box-Free Recognition of Handwritten Japanese Text Considering Character Size Variations Proc. 15th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 359-363, 2000.
[27] I. Guyon, L.R.B. Schomaker, R. Plamondon, and R. Liberman, “UNIPEN Project of On-Line Data Exchange and Recognizer Benchmarks,” Proc. 12th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 29-33, 1995.
[28] M. Hamanaka, K. Yamada, and J. Tsukumo, On-Line Japanese Character Recognition Experiments by an Off-Line Method Based on Normalization-Cooperated Feature Extraction Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 204-207, 1993.
[29] M. Hamanaka and K. Yamada, On-Line Character Recognition Adaptively Controlled by Handwriting Quality Proc. Seventh Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 23-32, 2000.
[30] R.M. Haralick, The Consistent Labeling Problem: Part I IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 173-184, 1979.
[31] Y. Hidai, K. Ooi, and Y. Nakamura, Stroke Re-Order Algorithm for On-Line Hand-Printed Character Recognition Proc. Eighth Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 934-936, 1986.
[32] T.H. Hilderbrand and W. Liu, Optical Recognition of Chinese Characters: Advances since 1980 Pattern Recognition, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 205-225, 1993.
[33] T.K. Ho, J.J. Hull, and S.N. Srihari, “Decision Combination in Multiple Classifiers Systems,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 66-75, Jan. 1994.
[34] C. Hong, G. Loudon, Y. Wu, and R. Zitserman, Segmentation and Recognition of Continuous Handwriting Chinese Text Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, pp. 630-633, 1997.
[35] A.J. Hsieh, K.-C. Fan, and T.-I. Fan, Bipartite Weighted Matching for On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 143-151, 1995.
[36] R.T. Hummel and S.W. Zucker, On the Foundations of Relaxation Labeling Processes IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 267-287, 1983.
[37] T. Iijima, H. Genchi, and K. Mori, A Theory of Character Recognition by Pattern Matching Method Proc. First Int'l Joint Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 50-56, 1973.
[38] K. Ishigaki and T. Morishita, A Top-Down Online Handwritten Character Recognition Method via the Denotation of Variation Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, pp. 141-145, 1988.
[39] N. Itoh, Japanese Language Model Based on Bigrams and Its Application to On-Line Character Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 135-143, 1995.
[40] N. Iwayama and K. Ishigaki, Adaptive Context Processing in On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition Proc. Seventh Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 469-474, 2000.
[41] S. Jaeger, C.-L. Liu, and M. Nakagawa, The State of the Art in Japanese On-Line Handwriting Recognition Compared to Techniques in Western Handwriting Recognition Int'l J. Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 75-88, 2003.
[42] S. Jaeger and M. Nakagawa, Two On-Line Japanese Character Databases in UNIPEN Format Proc. Sixth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 566-570, 2001.
[43] A.K. Jain, R.P.W. Duin, and J. Mao, Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 4-37, Jan. 2000.
[44] A.K. Jain, F.D. Griess, and S.D. Connell, On-Line Signature Verification Pattern Recognition, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2963-2972, 2002.
[45] A. Kawamura et al., On-Line Recognition of Freely Handwritten Japanese Characters Using Directional Feature Densities Proc. 11th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 183-186, 1992.
[46] T. Kawatani, Character Recognition Performance Improvement Using Personal Handwriting Characteristics Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 98-103, 1995.
[47] H.J. Kim, J.W. Jung, and S.K. Kim, On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Using ART-Based Stroke Classification Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 17, pp. 1311-1322, 1996.
[48] H.J. Kim, K.H. Kim, S.K. Kim, and F.T.-P. Lee, On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Chinese Characters Based on Hidden Markov Models Pattern Recognition, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1489-1499, 1997.
[49] I.-J. Kim and J.H. Kim, Statistical Character Structural Modeling and Its Application to Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1422-1436, 2003.
[50] F. Kimura, K. Takashina, S. Tsuruoka, and Y. Miyake, Modified Quadratic Discriminant Functions and the Application to Chinese Character Recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 149-153, Jan. 1987.
[51] F. Kimura, T. Wakabayashi, S. Tsuruoka, and Y. Miyake, Improvement of Handwritten Japanese Character Recognition Using Weighted Direction Code Histogram Pattern Recognition, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1329-1337, 1997.
[52] Y. Kimura, K. Odaka, A. Suzuki, and M. Sano, Analysis and Evaluation of Dictionary Learning on Handy Type Pen-Input Interface for Personal Use Trans. IEICE Japan, vol. J84-D-II, no. 3, pp. 509-518, 2001.
[53] A. Kitadai and M. Nakagawa, A Learning Algorithm for Structural Character Pattern Representation Used in On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Japanese Characters Proc. Eighth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 163-168, 2002.
[54] J. Kittler, M. Hatef, R. Duin, and J. Matas, “On Combining Classifiers,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 226-239, Mar. 1998.
[55] M. Kobayashi et al., RAV (Reparameterized Angular Variations) Algorithms for Online Handwriting Recognition Int'l J. Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 181-191, 2001.
[56] T. Kohonen, “The Self-Organizing Map,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 1464-1480, Sept. 1990.
[57] Y. Komiya, T. Ohishi, T. Matsumoto, A Pen Input On-Line Signature Verifier Integrating Position, Pressure and Indication Trajectories IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, vol. E84-D, no. 7, pp. 833-838, 2001.
[58] K. Kuroda, K. Harada, and M. Hagiwara, Large Scale On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Using Successor Method Based on Stochastic Regular Grammar Pattern Recognition, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 307-1315, 1999.
[59] J. Laaksonen, V. Vuori, and E. Oja, Adaptation of Prototype Sets in On-Line Recognition of Isolated Handwritten Latin Characters Advances in Handwriting Recognition, S.-W. Lee ed., pp. 489-497, World Scientific, 1999.
[60] S.-R. Lay et al., On-Line Chinese Character Recognition with Effective Candidate Radical and Candidate Character Selection Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1647-1659, 1996.
[61] F. Leclerc and R. Plamondon, Automatic Signature Verification: the State of The Art 1989-1993 Int'l J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 643-660, 1994.
[62] S.-W. Lee and J.-S. Park, Nonlinear Shape Normalization Methods for the Recognition of Large-Set Handwritten Characters Pattern Recognition, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 895-902, 1994.
[63] X. Li and N.S. Hall, Corner Detection and Shape Classification of On-Line Handprinted Kanji Strokes Pattern Recognition, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1315-1334, 1993.
[64] M.-Y. Lin and W.-H. Tsai, A New Approach to On-Line Chinese Character Recognition by Sentence Contextual Information Using the Relaxation Technique Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, pp. 131-134, 1988.
[65] C.-K. Lin, K.-C. Fan, and F.T. Lee, On-Line Recognition by Deviation-Expansion Model and Dynamic Programming Matching Pattern Recognition, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 259-268, 1993.
[66] T.-Z. Lin and K.-C. Fan, Coarse Classification of On-Line Chinese Characters via Structure Feature-Based Method Pattern Recognition, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1365-1377, 1994.
[67] C.-L. Liu, Y.-J. Liu, and R.-W. Dai, Preprocessing and Statistical/Structural Feature Extraction for Handwritten Numeral Recognition Progress of Handwriting Recognition, A.C. Downton and S. Impedovo eds., pp. 161-168, World Scientific, 1997.
[68] C.-L. Liu and M. Nakagawa, “Precise Candidate Selection for Large Character Set Recognition by Confidence Evaluation,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 636-642, 2000.
[69] C.-L. Liu and M. Nakagawa, Evaluation of Prototype Learning Algorithms for Nearest Neighbor Classifier in Application to Handwritten Character Recognition Pattern Recognition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 601-615, 2001.
[70] C.-L. Liu, H. Sako, and H. Fujisawa, Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition: Alternatives to Nonlinear Normalization Proc. Seventh Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 524-528, 2003.
[71] J. Liu, W.-K. Cham, and M.M.Y. Chang, Online Chinese Character Recognition Using Attributed Relational Graph Matching IEE Proc. Vision Image Signal Processing, vol. 143, no. 2, pp. 125-131, 1996.
[72] J. Liu, W.-K. Cham, and M.M.Y. Chang, Stroke Order and Stroke Number Free On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Using Attributed Relational Graph Matching Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 259-263, 1996.
[73] J.Z. Liu, K. Ma, W.K. Cham, and M.M.Y. Chang, Two-Layer Assignment Method for Online Chinese Character Recognition IEE Proc. Vision Image Signal Processing, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 2000.
[74] Y.J. Liu and J.W. Tai, Structural Approach to On-Line Chinese Character Recognition Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 808-810, 1988.
[75] Y.-J. Liu and J.W. Tai, An On-Line Chinese Character Recognition System for Handwritten in Chinese Calligraphy From Pixels to Features III: Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 69-80, 1991.
[76] Y.-J. Liu, L.-Q. Zhang, and J.W. Tai, A New Approach to On-Line Handwriting Chinese Character Recognition Proc. Second Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 192-195, 1993.
[77] D. Lopresti and G. Wilfong, Cross-Domain Searching Using Handwritten Queries Proc. Seventh Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 3-12, 2000.
[78] M.Y. Ma, P.S.P. Wang, D.P. Lopresti, and J. Crisman, Semantic Matching of Free-Format Chinese Handwriting Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, pp. 107-112, 1997.
[79] N. Matic, J. Platt, and T. Wang, QuickStroke: An Incremental On-Line Chinese Handwriting Recognition System Proc. 16th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 435-437, 2002.
[80] K. Matsumoto, T. Fukushima, and M. Nakagawa, Collection and Analysis of On-Line Handwritten Japanese Character Patterns Proc. Sixth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 496-500, 2001.
[81] K. Matsumoto and M. Nakagawa, Improvement of a Coarse Classification Method for On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Japanese Characters Technical Report of IEICE, PRMU2001-273 (2002-03), (in Japanese).
[82] S. Müller, E. Eickeler, and G. Rigoll, Multimedia Database Retrieval Using Hand-Drawn Sketches Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 289-292, 1999.
[83] H. Murase, “Online Recognition of Free-Format Japanese Handwritings,” Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 1143-1147, 1988.
[84] C.S. Myers and L.R. Rabiner, “A Level Building Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm for Connected Word Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 29, no. 2, 1981.
[85] M. Nakagawa, Non-Keyboard Input of Japanese Text On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Characters as the Most Hopeful Approach J. Information Processing, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 15-34, 1990.
[86] M. Nakagawa and K. Akiyama, A Linear-Time Elastic Matching for Stroke Number Free Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Characters Prof. Fourth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 48-56, 1994.
[87] M. Nakagawa and L.V. Tu, Structural Learning of Character Patterns for On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Japanese Characters Advances in Structural and Syntactic Pattern Recognition, P. Perner, P. Wang, and A. Rosenfeld, eds., pp. 180-188, Springer-Verlag, 1996.
[88] M. Nakagawa et al., Robust and Highly Customizable Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Japanese Characters Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 269-273, 1996.
[89] M. Nakagawa et al., On-Line Handwritten Character Pattern Database Sampled in a Sequence of Sentences without Any Writing Instructions Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 376-381, 1997.
[90] M. Nakagawa, K. Akiyama, T. Oguni, and N. Kato, Handwriting-Based User Interfaces Employing On-Line Handwriting Recognition Advances in Handwriting Recognition, S.-W. Lee, ed., pp. 578-587, World Scientific, 1999.
[91] M. Nakai, N. Akira, H. Shimodaira, and S. Sagayama, Substroke Approach to HMM-Based On-Line Kanji Handwriting Recognition Prof. Sixth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 491-495, 2001.
[92] M. Nakai, T. Sudo, H. Shimodaira, and S. Sagayama, Pen Pressure Features for Writer-Independent On-Line Handwriting Recognition Based on Substroke HMM Proc. 16th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 3, pp. 220-223, 2002.
[93] M. Nakai, H. Shimodaira, and S. Sagayama, Generation of Hierarchical Dictionary for Stroke-Order Free Kanji Handwriting Recognition Based on Substroke HMM Proc. Seventh Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 514-518, 2003.
[94] H. Nambu, T. Kawamata, F. Maruyama, and F. Yoda, On-Line Handwriting Chinese Character Recognition: Comparison and Improvement to Japanese Kanji Recognition Proc. 14th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 1145-1149, 1998.
[95] N.J. Nillson, Principles of Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, 1980.
[96] K. Odaka, T. Wakahara, and I. Masuda, Stroke Order Free On-Line Character Recognition Trans. IECE Japan, vol. J65-D, no. 6, pp. 679-686, 1982, (in Japanese).
[97] E. Oja, Subspace Method of Pattern Recognition. Research Studies Press, 1983.
[98] M. Okamoto, H. Yamamoto, K. Sawada, and K. Yamamoto, On-Line Handwriting Character String Separation Method Using Network Expression Proc. 13th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 4, pp. 422-425, 1996.
[99] M. Okamoto and K. Yamamoto, On-Line Handwriting Character Recognition Using Direction-Change Features that Consider Imaginary Strokes Pattern Recognition, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1115-1128, 1999.
[100] M. Okamoto and K. Yamamoto, On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition Method Using Directional Features and Clockwise/Counter-Clockwise Direction-Change Features Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 491-494, 1999.
[101] C.H. Papadimitrious and K. Steiglitz, Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms and Complexity. Prentice Hall, 1982.
[102] R. Plamondon and S.N. Srihari, On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 63-84, Jan. 2000.
[103] L.R. Rabiner, “Tutorial on Hidden Markov Model and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 257-285, 1989.
[104] U. Ramer, An Iterative Procedure for the Polygonal Approximation of Plane Closed Curves Computer Graphics and Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 244-256, 1972.
[105] A. Rosenfeld and E. Johnston, Angle Detection on Digital Curves IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. 22, pp. 875-878, 1973.
[106] H.A. Rowley and M. Goyal, and J. Bennet, The Effect of Large Training Set Size on Online Japanese Kanji and English Cursive Recognizers Proc. Eighth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 36-40, 2002.
[107] G. Russel, M.P. Perrone, Y. Chee, and A. Ziq, Handwritten Document Retrieval Proc. Eighth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 233-238, 2002.
[108] P. Sarkar and G. Nagy, Style Consistency in Isogenous Patterns Proc. 15th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 859-862, 2000.
[109] L. Schomaker, L. Vuurpijl, and E. de Leau, New Use for the Pen: Outline-Based Image Queries Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 293-296, 1999.
[110] S. Senda, M. Hamanaka, and K. Yamada, Box-Free Online Character Recognition Integrating Confidence Values of Segmentation, Recognition and Language Processing Technical Report of IEICE, PRMU98-138 (1998-12) (in Japanese).
[111] S. Senda and K. Yamada, A Maximum-Likelihood Approach to Segmentation-Based Recognition of Unconstrained Handwriting Text Proc. Sixth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 184-188, 2001.
[112] J.-P. Shin and H. Sakoe, Stroke Correspondence Search Method for Stroke-Order and Stroke-Number Free On-Line Character Recognition Multilayer Cube Search Trans. IEICE Japan, vol. J82-D-II, no. 2, pp. 230-239, 1999.
[113] J.-P. Shin, Optimal Stroke-Correspondence Search Method for On-Line Character Recognition Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 23, pp. 601-608, 2002.
[114] J. Subrahmonia and T. Zimmerman, Pen Computing: Challenges and Applications Proc. 15th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 60-66, 2000.
[115] C.Y. Suen, N-Gram Statistics for Natural Language Understanding and Text Processing IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 164-172, 1979.
[116] J.W. Tai, Some Research Achievements on Chinese Character Recognition in China Character and Handwriting Recognition: Expanding Frontiers, P.S.P. Wang, ed., pp. 199-206, World Scientific, 1992.
[117] K. Takahashi, H. Yasuda, and T. Matsumoto, A Fast HMM Algorithm for On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 369-375, 1997.
[118] K. Takeuchi and Y. Matsumoto, Japanese OCR Correction Using Stochastic Morphological Analyzer and Probabilistic N-Gram Word Model Int'l J. Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 69-82, 2000.
[119] H. Tanaka et al., Hybrid Pen-Input Character Recognition System Based on Integration of Online-Offline Recognition Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 209-212, 1999.
[120] C.C. Tappert, C.Y. Suen, and T. Wakahara, “The State of the Art in On-Line Handwriting Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 179-190, Aug. 1990.
[121] J. Tokuno et al., Context-Dependent Substroke Model for HMM-Based On-Line Handwriting Recognition Proc. Eighth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 78-83, 2002.
[122] W.-H. Tsai and K.-S. Fu, Subgraph Error-Correcting Isomorphisms for Syntactic Pattern Recognition IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 48-62, 1983.
[123] W.-H. Tsai and S.S. Yu, Attributed String Matching with Merging for Shape Recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 453-462, 1985.
[124] Y. Tsay and W. Tsai, “Attributed String Matching by Split and Merge for On-Line Chinese Character Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, pp. 180-185, 1993.
[125] M.-K. Tsay, K.-H. Shyu, and P.-C. Chang, Feature Transformation with Generalized LVQ for Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, vol. E82-D, no. 3, pp. 687-92, 1999.
[126] C.-C. Tseng, B.-S. Jeng, and K.-S. Chou, Candidate Selection in On-Line Chinese Character Recognition System Using Voting Scheme J. Information Science and Eng., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 451-462, 1999.
[127] J. Tsukumo and H. Tanaka, “Classification of Handprinted Chinese Characters Using Nonlinear Normalization and Correlation Methods,” Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 168-171, 1988.
[128] M. Umeda, Advances in Recognition Methods for Handwritten Kanji Characters IEICE Trans. Information and Systems, vol. 79-D, no. 5, pp. 401-410, 1996.
[129] O. Velek, S. Jaeger, and M. Nakagawa, A New Warping Technique for Normalizing Likelihood of Multiple Classifiers and Its Effectiveness in Combined On-Line/Off-Line Japanese Character Recognition Proc. Eighth Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 177-182, 2002.
[130] V. Vuori, J. Laaksonen, E. Oja, and J. Kangas, Experiments with Adaptation Strategies for a Prototype-Based Recognition System for Isolated Handwritten Characters Int'l J. Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 150-159, 2001.
[131] T. Wakahara, "On-Line Cursive Script Recognition Using Local Affine Transformation," Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 1,133-1,137, 1988.
[132] T. Wakahara, H. Murase, and K. Odaka, “On-Line Handwriting Recognition,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1,181-1,194, 1992.
[133] T. Wakahara et al., On-Line Cursive Kanji Character Recognition as Stroke Correspondence Problem Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1059-1064, 1995.
[134] T. Wakahara and K. Okada, On-Line Cursive Kanji Character Recognition Using Stroke-Based Affine Transformation IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1381-1385, Dec. 1997.
[135] P.H. Winston, Artificial Intelligence, third ed. Addison Wesley, 1992.
[136] A.K.C Wong, M. You, and S.C. Chan, “An Algorithm for Graph Optimal Monomorphism,” IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 628-636, May/June 1990.
[137] P.-K. Wong and C. Chan, “Postprocessing Statistical Language Models for a Handwritten Chinese Character Recognizer,” IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 286-290, 1999.
[138] W.-Y. Wu and M.-J. Wang, Detecting the Dominant Points by the Curvature-Based Polygonal Approximation CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 79-88, 1993.
[139] X.-H. Xiao and R.-W. Dai, On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Directed by Components with Dynamic Templates Proc. Int'l Conf. Computer Processing of Oriental Languages '97, pp. 89-94, 1997.
[140] R. Xu, D. Yeung, W. Shu, and J. Liu, A Hybrid Post-Processing System for Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Int'l J. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 16, no. 6 pp. 657-679, 2002.
[141] H. Yamada, K. Yamamoto, and T. Saito, A Nonlinear Normalization Method for Handprinted Kanji Character Recognition Line Density Equalization Pattern Recognition, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1023-1029, 1990.
[142] K. Yamasaki, Automatic Prototype Stroke Generation Based on Stroke Clustering for On-Line Handwritten Japanese Character Recognition Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 673-676, 1999.
[143] H. Yasuda, K. Takahashi, T. Matsumoto, On-Line Handwriting Recognition by Discrete HMM with Fast Learning Advances in Handwriting Recognition, S.-W. Lee ed., pp. 19-28, World Scientific, 1999.
[144] M. Yasuda and H. Fujisawa, An Improvement of Correlation Method for Character Recognition Trans. IEICE Japan, vol. J62-D, no. 3, pp. 217-224, 1979.
[145] P.J. Ye, H. Hugli, and F. Pellandini, Techniques for On-Line Chinese Character Recognition with Reduced Writing Constraints Proc. Seventh Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 1043-105, 1984.
[146] E.F. Yhap and E.C. Greanias, An On-Line Chinese Character Recognition System IBM J. Research Development, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 187-195, 1981.
[147] T. Yokota, S. Kuzunuki, K. Gunji, and N. Hamada, User Adaptation in Handwriting Recognition by An Automatic Learning Algorithm Proc. Ninth Int'l Conf. Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 455-459, 2001.
[148] R. Zanibbi, D. Blostein, and J.R. Cordy, Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree Transform IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1455-1467, Nov. 2002.
[149] J. Zheng, X. Ding, and Y. Wu, Recognizing On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character via FARG Matching Proc. Fourth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 621-624, 1997.
[150] J. Zheng, X. Ding, Y. Wu, and Z. Lu, Spatio-Temporal Unified Model for On-Line Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Proc. Fifth Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 649-652, 1999.