From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?

Intelligent Systems
2005
Issue No. 2 - March/April
Abstract - From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?

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From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?

March/April 2005 (vol. 20 no. 2)

pp. 82-85

	ASCII Text	x
	Ruqian Lu, "From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 82-85, March/April, 2005.

	BibTex	x
	@article{ 10.1109/MIS.2005.27, author = {Ruqian Lu}, title = {From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?}, journal ={IEEE Intelligent Systems}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, issn = {1541-1672}, year = {2005}, pages = {82-85}, doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.27}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, }

	RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote	x
	TY - MGZN JO - IEEE Intelligent Systems TI - From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation? IS - 2 SN - 1541-1672 SP82 EP85 EPD - 82-85 A1 - Ruqian Lu, PY - 2005 KW - knowware VL - 20 JA - IEEE Intelligent Systems ER -

Ruqian Lu, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Sciences, Institute of Computing Technology, and Fudan University

DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.27

Knowware seems a natural development in IT after hardware and software. Consider the fact that we once viewed the computer industry as part of the electronics industry. Then the formation of an independent computer hardware industry liberated IT from electronics. Similarly, before the 1980s, developers created software packages to support specific machines; thus, computer software development's independence from particular machines and hardware became IT's second liberation. Will we soon consider the emergence of knowware and its independence from software as IT's third liberation?

Index Terms:

knowware

Citation:

Ruqian Lu, "From Hardware to Software to Knowware: IT's Third Liberation?," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 82-85, Mar./Apr. 2005, doi:10.1109/MIS.2005.27

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