Secure information processing increases in importance as more of our daily transactions are carried out in cyberspace. Cyber security provides assurances and safeguards necessary for the smooth functioning of cyber space interactions and services. Such interactions and services are built upon hardware and software technology for computing, communications and storage. Yet hardware and software technology has not had secure or trustworthy operations as a fundamental design goal. Rather, the increase in transistors in chips, and our educational and research efforts, have been directed mainly towards improving performance, cost and power in hardware, and improving functionality, versatility and ease-of-use in software. Approaches to cyber security have focused on reactive measures, perimeter security and software implementations.