| | This Article | |
| |
| |
| | Share | |
| |
| |
| | Bibliographic References | |
| |
| |
| | Add to: | |
| |
Digg
Furl
Spurl
Blink
Simpy
Google
Del.icio.us
Y!MyWeb
| |
| | Search | |
| |
| |
| | |
Visualization of Vector Fields Using Seed LIC and Volume Rendering
November/December 2004 (vol. 10 no. 6)
pp. 673-682
Line Integral Convolution (LIC) is a powerful texture-based technique for visualizing vector fields. Due to the high computational expense of generating the 3D textures and the difficulties of effectively displaying the result, LIC has most commonly been used to depict vector fields in 2D or over a surface in 3D. Here, we propose new methods for more effective volume visualization of three-dimensional vector fields using LIC: 1) We present a fast method for computing volume LIC textures that exploits the sparsity of the input texture. 2) We propose the use of a shading technique, called limb darkening, to reveal the depth relations among the field lines. The shading effect is obtained simply by using appropriate transfer functions and, therefore, avoids using expensive shading techniques. 3) We demonstrate how two-field visualization techniques can be used to enhance the visual information describing a vector field. The volume LIC textures are rendered using texture-based rendering techniques, which allows interactive exploration of a vector field.
[1] J.P.M. Hultquist, Interactive Numerical Flow Visualization Using Stream Surfaces Computing Systems in Eng., vol. 1, nos. 2-4, pp. 349-353, 1990.
[2] N. Max, B. Becker, and R. Crawfis, “Flow Volumes for Interactive Vector Field Visualization,” Proc. IEEE Visualization '94, pp. 19-24, 1994.
[3] B. Cabral and C. Leedom, Imaging Vector Fields Using Line Integral Convolution Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, vol. 27, pp. 263-270, July 1993.
[4] D. Stalling, M. Zöckler, and H.-C. Hege, “Fast Display of Illuminated Field Lines,” IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 3, no. 2, Apr.-June 1997.
[5] U. Diewald, T. Preusser, and M. Rumpf, Anisotropic Diffusion in Vector Field Visualization on Euclidean Domains and Surfaces IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 139-149, Apr.-June 2000.
[6] E.K. Longmire, B. Ganapathisubramani, I. Marusic, T. Urness, and V. Interrante, Effective Visualization of Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry Vector Fields of a Turbulent Boundary Layer J. Turbulence, vol. 4, no. 023, 2003.
[7] D. Stalling and H.-C. Hege, Fast and Resolution Independent Line Integral Convolution Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, pp. 249-256, Aug. 1995.
[8] M. Zöcker, D. Stalling, and H.-C. Hege, Parallel Line Integral Convolution Proc. First Eurographics Workshop Parallel Graphics and Visualization, pp. 249-256, Sept. 1996.
[9] D. Verma, D. Kao, and A. Pang, Bridging the Gap between Streamlines and LIC Proc. Visualization '99, D. Ebert, M. Gross, and B. Hamann, eds. pp. 341-348, Oct. 1999.
[10] W. Heidrich, R. Westermann, H.-P. Seidel, and T. Ertl, Applications of Pixel Textures in Visualization and Realistic Image Synthesis Proc. Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 127-134, 1999.
[11] U. Bordoloi and H.-W. Shen, Hierarchical LIC for Vector Field Visualization 2000, citeseer.nj.nec.com556987.html.
[12] L.K. Forsell and S.D. Cohen, Using Line Integral Convolution for Flow Visualization: Curvilinear Grids, Variable-Speed Animation, and Unsteady Flows IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 133-141, June 1995.
[13] R. Wegenkittl, E. Gröller, and W. Purgathofer, “Animating Flowfields: Rendering of Oriented Line Integral Convolution,” Proc. IEEE Visualization '97, pp. 119-125, 1997.
[14] H.-W. Shen and D.L. Kao, “Uflic: A Line Integral Convolution Algorithm for Visualizing Unsteady Flows,” Proc. Visualization '97, pp. 317-322, 1997.
[15] H.-W. Shen and D.L. Kao, “A New Line Integral Convolution Algorithm for Visualizing Time-Varying Flow Fields,” IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 98-108, Apr.-June 1998.
[16] H.-W. Shen, C. Johnson, and K.-L. Ma, Visualizing Vector Fields Using Line Integral Convolution and Dye Advection Proc. Symp. Volume Visualization '96, pp. 63-70, 1996.
[17] L. Forssell, “Visualizing Flow over Curvilinear Grid Surfaces Using Line Integral Convolution,” Proc. IEEE Visualization '94, pp. 240-246, 1994.
[18] V. Interrante and C. Grosch, Visualizing 3D Flow IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 49-53, July-Aug. 1998.
[19] C. Rezk-Salama, P. Hastreiter, C. Teitzel, and T. Ertl, “Interactive Exploration of Volume Line Integral Convolution Based on 3D-Texture Mapping,” Proc. IEEE Visualization '99, pp. 233-240, 1999.
[20] Y. Suzuki, I. Fujishior, L. Chen, and H. Nakamura, Case Study: Hardware-Accelerated Selective LIC Volume Rendering Proc. IEEE Visualization '02, pp. 485-488, 2002.
[21] J. Werne and D.C. Fritts, Stratified Shear Turbulence: Evolution and Statistics Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 439-442 Feb. 1999.
[22] B.A.P. Reif, J. Werne, O. Andreassen, C. Meyer, and M. Davis-Mansour, Entrainment-Zone Restratification and Flow Structures in Stratified Shear Turbulence Proc. 2002 Summer Program: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases-IX, pp. 245-256, Dec. 2002.
[23] V. Interrante, Illustrating Surface Shape in Volume Data via Principal Direction-Driven 3D Line Integral Convolution Computer Graphics Proc., Ann. Conf. Series, pp. 109-116, Aug. 1997.
[24] J.O. Langseth, 3D Visualization of Shock Waves Using Volume Rendering Proc. Int'l Conf. Godunov Methods, pp. 549-556, 1999.
[25] T. Gaarder and A. Helgeland, VoluViz 1.0 report Technical Report FFI/RAPPORT-2002/03449, FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Sept. 2002.
[26] M. Hopf and T. Ertl, Accelerating 3D Convolution Using Graphics Hardware Case Study Proc. IEEE Visualization '99, pp. 471-474, 1999.
[27] A. Vincent and M. Meneguzzi, The Spatial Structure and Statistical Properties of Homogeneous Turbulence J. Fluid Mechanics, vol. 225, pp. 1-20, 1991.
[28] Viz ftp://ftp.ffi.no/spub/stsk/vizfeatures.html , 1998.
[29] B. Cabral, N. Cam, and J. Foran, Accelerated Volume Rendering and Tomographic Reconstruction Using Texture Mapping Hardware Proc. 1994 Symp. Volume Visualization, pp. 91-98, Oct. 1994.
[30] T.J. Cullip and U. Neumann, Accelerated Volume Reconstruction with 3D Texture Mapping Hardware Technical Report TR93-027, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of North Carolina, May 1994.
[31] B. Jobard, G. Erlebacher, and M.Y. Hussaini, “Hardware-Accelerated Texture Advection for Unsteady Flow Visualization,” Proc. Visualization 2000, T.E. Ertl, B. Hamann, and A. Varshney, eds., pp. 155-162, Oct. 2000.
[32] D. Weiskopf, G. Erlebacher, M. Hopf, and T. Ertl, Hardware-Accelerated Lagrangian-Eulerian Texture Advection for 2D Flow Visualization Proc. Vision, Modeling, and Visualization 2002, Nov. 2002.
[33] U. Bordoloi and H.-W. Shen, Hardware Accelerated Interactive Vector Field Visualization: A Level of Detail Approach Proc. Eurographics 2002, Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 605-614, Sept. 2002.
[34] J.J. van Wijk, Image Based Flow Visualization Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 745-754, 2002.
[35] D. Weiskopf, M. Hopf, and T. Ertl, Hardware-Accelerated Visualization of Time-Varying 2D and 3D Vector Fields by Texture Advection via Programmable Per-Pixel Operations Proc. Vision, Modeling, and Visualization 2001, Nov. 2001.
[36] A. Telea and J.J. van Wijk, 3D IBFV: Hardware-Accelerated 3D Flow Visualization Proc. IEEE Visualization '03, pp. 233-240, Oct. 2003.
[37] G. Li, U. Bordoloi, and H. Shen, Chameleon: An Interactive Texture-Based Rendering Framework for Visualizing Three-Dimensional Vector Fields Proc. IEEE Visualization '03, Oct. 2003.
[38] B. Jobard and W. Lefer, Creating Evenly-Spaced Streamlines of Arbitrary Density Visualization in Scientific Computing '97, Proc. Eighth Eurographics Workshop, pp. 43-56, 1997.
Index Terms:
Vector field visualization, line integral convolution, direct volume rendering, multifield visualization.
Citation:
Anders Helgeland, Oyvind Andreassen, "Visualization of Vector Fields Using Seed LIC and Volume Rendering," IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 673-682, Nov./Dec. 2004, doi:10.1109/TVCG.2004.49