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Tracking People's Hands and Feet Using Mixed Network AND/OR Search
May 2013 (vol. 35 no. 5)
pp. 1248-1262
Vlad I. Morariu, University of Maryland, College Park
David Harwood, University of Maryland, College Park
Larry S. Davis, University of Maryland, College Park
We describe a framework that leverages mixed probabilistic and deterministic networks and their AND/OR search space to efficiently find and track the hands and feet of multiple interacting humans in 2D from a single camera view. Our framework detects and tracks multiple people's heads, hands, and feet through partial or full occlusion; requires few constraints (does not require multiple views, high image resolution, knowledge of performed activities, or large training sets); and makes use of constraints and AND/OR Branch-and-Bound with lazy evaluation and carefully computed bounds to efficiently solve the complex network that results from the consideration of interperson occlusion. Our main contributions are: 1) a multiperson part-based formulation that emphasizes extremities and allows for the globally optimal solution to be obtained in each frame, and 2) an efficient and exact optimization scheme that relies on AND/OR Branch-and-Bound, lazy factor evaluation, and factor cost sensitive bound computation. We demonstrate our approach on three datasets: the public single person HumanEva dataset, outdoor sequences where multiple people interact in a group meeting scenario, and outdoor one-on-one basketball videos. The first dataset demonstrates that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance in the single person setting, while the last two demonstrate robustness in the presence of partial and full occlusion and fast nontrivial motion.
Index Terms:
Extremities,Probabilistic logic,Pattern analysis,Training,Graphical models,Search problems,pictorial structures,Tracking,motion
Citation:
Vlad I. Morariu, David Harwood, Larry S. Davis, "Tracking People's Hands and Feet Using Mixed Network AND/OR Search," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1248-1262, May 2013, doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2012.187
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