|
| This Article | ||
| ||
| Share | ||
| Bibliographic References | ||
| Add to: | ||
| | ||
| Search | ||
| ||
| ASCII Text | x | ||
| Jaehwa Park, "An Adaptive Approach to Offline Handwritten Word Recognition," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 920-931, July, 2002. | |||
| BibTex | x | ||
| @article{ 10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017619, author = {Jaehwa Park}, title = {An Adaptive Approach to Offline Handwritten Word Recognition}, journal ={IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}, volume = {24}, number = {7}, issn = {0162-8828}, year = {2002}, pages = {920-931}, doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017619}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, } | |||
| RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote | x | ||
| TY - JOUR JO - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence TI - An Adaptive Approach to Offline Handwritten Word Recognition IS - 7 SN - 0162-8828 SP920 EP931 EPD - 920-931 A1 - Jaehwa Park, PY - 2002 KW - Pattern recognition KW - handwritten word recognition KW - adaptive word recognition. VL - 24 JA - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence ER - | |||
An adaptive handwritten word recognition method is presented. The key ideas of adaptation are 1) to actively and successively select a subset of features for each word image which provides the minimum required classification accuracy to get a valid answer and 2) to derive a consistent decision metric which works in a multiresolution feature space and considers the interrelationships of a lexicon at the same time. A recursive architecture based on interaction between flexible character classification and deductive decision making is developed. The recognition process starts from the initial coarse level using a minimum number of features, then increases the discrimination power by adding other features adaptively and recursively until the result is accepted by the decision maker. For the computational aspect of a feasible solution, a unified decision metric,
[1] E. Cohen, J.J. Hull, and S.N. Srihari, “Control Structure for Interpreting Handwritten Addresses,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1,049-1,055, Oct. 1994.
[2] J.C. Simon, O. Barat, and N. Gorski, “A System for the Recognition of Handwritten Literal Amounts of Checks,” Proc. Int'l Conf. Document Analysis System, pp. 135-155, 1994.
[3] G. Kim and V. Govindaraju, “Bankcheck Recognition Using Cross Validation between Legal and Courtesy Amount,” Automatic Bankcheck Processing, World Scientific, pp. 195-212, 1997.
[4] S.N. Srihari, Y.-C. Shin, V. Ramanaprasad, and D.S. Lee, “Name and Address Block Reader,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 1038-1049, July 1996.
[5] Y. Belaid, A. Belaid, and E. Turolla, “Item Searching in Forms: Application to French Tax Form,” Proc. Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 744-747, 1995.
[6] A.W. Senior and A.J. Robinson, An Off-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition System IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 309-321, Mar. 1998.
[7] G. Kim and V. Govindaraju, “A Lexicon Driven Approach to Handwritten Word Recognition for Real Time Applications,“ IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 366-379, Apr. 1997.
[8] M. Mohammed and P. Gader, “Handwritten Word Recognition Using Segmentation-Free Hidden Markov Modeling and Segmentation-Based Dynamic Programming Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 548-554, May 1996.
[9] J.T. Favata, “Character Model Word Recognition,” Proc. Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition 96, pp. 437-440, 1996.
[10] M.Y. Chen, A. Kundu, and S.N. Srihari, “Variable Duration Hidden Markov Model and Morphological Segmentation for Handwritten Word Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1675-1688, Dec. 1995.
[11] U. Miletzki, T. Bayer, and H. Schafer, “Continuous Learning Systems Postal Address Readers with Built-in Learning Capability,” Proc. Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 329-332, 1999.
[12] G.F. Hughes, "On the Mean Accuracy of Statistical Pattern Recognizers," IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 14, pp. 55-63, 1968.
[13] G.V. Trunk, “A Problem of Dimensionality: A Simple Example,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 306-307, 1979.
[14] J.L. McClelland and D.E. Rumelhart, “An Interactive Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter Perception: Part 1. An Account of Basic Findings,” Psychological Rev., vol. 88, pp. 375-407, 1981.
[15] L.E. Baum and T. Petrie, “Statistical Inference for Probabilistic Functions of Finite State Markov Chains,” Annals of Math. Statistics, vol. 37, pp. 1554-1563, 1966.
[16] L.R. Rabiner, “Tutorial on Hidden Markov Model and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 257-285, 1989.
[17] A. Kaltenmeier, T. Caesar, J.M. Gloger, and E. Mandler, “Sophisticated Topology of Hidden Markov Models for Cursive Script Recognition,” Proc. Second Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 139-142, 1993.
[18] F. Kimura, M. Sridhar, and Z. Chen, “Improvements of a Lexicon Directed Algorithm for Recognition of Unconstrained Handwritten Words,” Proc. Second Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 18-22, 1993.
[19] M.Y. Chen, A. Kundu, and J. Zhou, “Off-Line Handwritten Word Recognition Using a Hidden Markov Model Type Stochastic Network,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 481-496, 1994.
[20] P.D. Gader, M. Mohammed, and J.H. Chiang, “Handwritten Word Recognition with Character and Inter Character Neural Networks,” IEEE Trans. System, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 158-164, vol. 27, no. 1, 1997.
[21] S. Madhvanath and V. Govindaraju, “Holistic Lexicon Reduction,” Proc. Third Int'l Workshop Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 132-141, 1993.
[22] S. Madhvanath, “Using Holistic Features in Handwritten Word Recognition,” Proc. US Postal Service Advanced Technology Conf., pp. 183-199 1992.
[23] K.-S. Fu, Y.T. Chien, and G.P. Cardillo, “A Dynamic Programming Approach to Sequential Pattern Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 313-326, May 1986.
[24] O.D. Trier, A.K. Jain, and R. Taxt, “Feature Extraction Methods for Character Recognition—A Survey,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 641-662, 1996.
[25] R.R. Bailey and M. Srinath, “Orthogonal Moment Features for Use with Parametric and Non-Parametric Classifers,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 369-398, Apr. 1996.
[26] J.T. Favata and G. Srikantan, “A Multiple Feature/Resolution Approach to Handprinted Digit and Character Recognition,” Proc. Int'l J. Imaging Systems and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 304-311, 1996.
[27] C.-S. Lin and C.-L. Hwang, “New Forms of Shape Invariants from Elliptic Fourier Descriptors,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 535-545, 1987
[28] J. Park, V. Govindaraju, and S.N. Srihari, OCR in a Hierarchical Feature Space IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 400-407, Apr. 2000.
[29] R.A. Wagner and M.J. Fischer, "The String-to-String Correction Problem," J. ACM, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 168-78, 1974.
[30] I. Levi, Decisions and Revisions, London, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984.
[31] M.A. Goodrich, W.C. Stirling, and R.L. Frost, “A Theory of Satisficing Decisions and Control,” IEEE Trans. System, Man and Cybernetics—Part A, vol 28, no. 6, pp. 763-779, 1998.
[32] J. Park, V. Govindaraju, and S.N. Srihari, “Efficient Word Segmentation Driven by Unconstrained Handwritten Phrase Recognition,” Proc. Int'l Conf. Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 605-608, 1999.
[33] J.C. Simon, “Off-Line Cursive Word Recognition,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1,150-1,160, 1992.
[34] R. Bozinovic and S.N. Srihari, “Off-Line Cursive Script Recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 68-83, 1989.
[35] H. Freeman, “Computer Processing of Line-Drawing Images,” Computing Surveys, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 57-97, 1974.
[36] J.J. Hull, “A Database for Handwritten Text Recognition Research,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 550-554, May 1994.

