This Article 
   
 Share 
   
 Bibliographic References 
   
 Add to: 
 
Digg
Furl
Spurl
Blink
Simpy
Google
Del.icio.us
Y!MyWeb
 
 Search 
   
Depth-Fused 3D Imagery on an Immaterial Display
January/February 2009 (vol. 15 no. 1)
pp. 20-33
ASCII Text
x 
 
Cha Lee, Stephen DiVerdi, Tobias Höllerer, "Depth-Fused 3D Imagery on an Immaterial Display," IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 20-33, January/February, 2009.
 
 
BibTex
x
 
@article{ 10.1109/TVCG.2008.83,
author = {Cha Lee and Stephen DiVerdi and Tobias Höllerer},
title = {Depth-Fused 3D Imagery on an Immaterial Display},
journal ={IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
issn = {1077-2626},
year = {2009},
pages = {20-33},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TVCG.2008.83},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
}
 
 
RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote
x 
 
TY - JOUR
JO - IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
TI - Depth-Fused 3D Imagery on an Immaterial Display
IS - 1
SN - 1077-2626
SP20
EP33
EPD - 20-33
A1 - Cha Lee,
A1 - Stephen DiVerdi,
A1 - Tobias Höllerer,
PY - 2009
KW - Three-dimensional displays
KW - Virtual reality
VL - 15
JA - IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
ER -
 
Cha Lee, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
Stephen DiVerdi, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
Tobias Höllerer, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara
We present an immaterial display that uses a generalized form of depth-fused 3D (DFD) rendering to create unencumbered 3D visuals. To accomplish this result, we demonstrate a DFD display simulator that extends the established depth-fused 3D principle by using screens in arbitrary configurations and from arbitrary viewpoints. The feasibility of the generalized DFD effect is established with a user study using the simulator. Based on these results, we developed a prototype display using one or two immaterial screens to create an unencumbered 3D visual that users can penetrate, examining the potential for direct walk-through and reach-through manipulation of the 3D scene. We evaluate the prototype system in formative and summative user studies and report the tolerance thresholds discovered for both tracking and projector errors.

[1] B.G. Blundell and A.J. Schwarz, Volumetric Three-Dimensional Display Systems. Wiley-VCH, Mar. 2000.
[2] S. Suyama, Y. Ishigure, H. Takada, K. Nakazawa, J. Hosohata, Y. Takao, and T. Fujikao, “Apparent 3-D Image Perceived from Luminance-Modulated Two 2-D Images Displayed at Different Depths,” Vision Research, 2004.
[3] M. Halle, “Autostereoscopic Displays and Computer Graphics,” ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 58-62, 1997.
[4] H. Takada, S. Suyama, M. Date, K. Hiruma, and K. Nakazawa, “ACompact Depth-Fused 3-D Display Using a Stack of Two LCDs,” J. Inst. Image Information and Television Engineers, 2004.
[5] S. DiVerdi, I. Rakkolainen, T. Höllerer, and A. Olwal, “A Novel Walk-Through 3D Display,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 6005, no. 1, 2002.
[6] I. Rakkolainen and K. Palovuori, “Walk-Thru Screen,” Proc. SPIE, Projection Displays VIII, M.H. Wu, ed., ser. presented at the Soc. of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conf., vol. 4657, pp. 17-22, Apr. 2002.
[7] G.E. Favalora, J. Napoli, D.M. Hall, R.K. Dorval, M. Giovinco, M.J. Richmond, and W.S. Chun, “100-Million-Voxel Volumetric Display,” Proc. SPIE, D.G. Hopper, ed., vol. 4712, no. 1, pp. 300-312, 2002.
[8] Lightspace Technologies Inc., lightSpace Technologies, http:/www.lightspacetech.com, Aug. 2007.
[9] E. Downing, L. Hesselink, J. Ralston, and R. Macfarlane, “A Three-Color, Solid-State, Three-Dimensional Display,” Science, vol. 273, pp. 1185-1189, Aug. 1996.
[10] H. Kimura, T. Uchiyama, and H. Yoshikawa, “Laser Produced 3D Display in the Air,” Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH '06, p. 20, 2006.
[11] S. Eitoku, K. Hashimoto, and T. Tanikawa, “Controllable Water Particle Display,” Proc. ACM SIGCHI Int'l Conf. Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology (ACE '06), p. 36, 2006.
[12] T. Grossman, D. Wigdor, and R. Balakrishnan, “Multi-Finger Gestural Interaction with 3D Volumetric Displays,” ACM Trans. Graphics, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 931, 2005.
[13] S. Pastoor and M. Wopking, “3-D Displays: A Review of Current Technologies,” Displays, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 100-110, 1997.
[14] S. Fisher, “Viewpoint Dependent Imaging: An Interactive Stereoscopic Display,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 367, 1982.
[15] W.B. Paley, “Head-Tracking Stereo Display: Experiments and Applications,” Proc. SPIE, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications III, ser. presented at the Soc. of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conf., J.O. Merritt and S.S. Fisher, eds., vol.1669, pp. 84-89, June 1992.
[16] I.E. Sutherland, “The Ultimate Display,” Proc. Int'l Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) '65, pp. 506-508, 1965.
[17] M. Mon-Williams, J. Wann, and S. Rushton, “Binocular Vision in a Virtual World: Visual Deficits following the Wearing of a Head-Mounted Display,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 1993.
[18] J. Wann, S. Rushton, and M. Mon-Williams, “Natural Problems for Stereoscopic Depth Perception in Virtual Environments,” Vision Research, 1995.
[19] Y.I.S. Suyama, H. Takada, K. Nakazawa, J. Hosohata, Y. Takao, and T. Fujikado, “Evaluation of Visual Fatigue Relative in the Viewing of a Depth-Fused 3D Display and 2D Display,” Proc. Int'l Display Workshops (IDW), 2004.
[20] K. Akeley, S.J. Watt, A.R. Girshick, and M.S. Banks, “A Stereo Display Prototype with Multiple Focal Distances,” ACM Trans. Graphics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 804-813, 2004.
[21] K. Uehira, “3-D Display System Using Two Stereoscopic Displays at Different Depths,” Proc. 25th Int'l Display Research Conf. (Eurodisplay), 2005.
[22] R.D.C. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, RFoundation for Statistical Computing, ISBN 3-900051-07-0, http:/www.R-project.org, 2006.
[23] Precision Position Tracker, worldViz, http:/www.worldviz.com/, Sept. 2006.

Index Terms:
Three-dimensional displays, Virtual reality
Citation:
Cha Lee, Stephen DiVerdi, Tobias Höllerer, "Depth-Fused 3D Imagery on an Immaterial Display," IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 20-33, Jan.-Feb. 2009, doi:10.1109/TVCG.2008.83
Usage of this product signifies your acceptance of the Terms of Use.