This Article 
   
 Share 
   
 Bibliographic References 
   
 Add to: 
 
Digg
Furl
Spurl
Blink
Simpy
Google
Del.icio.us
Y!MyWeb
 
 Search 
   
Exploiting In-Memory and On-Disk Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems
June 2008 (vol. 57 no. 6)
pp. 733-747
ASCII Text
x 
 
Jun Wang, Xiaoyu Yao, Huijun Zhu, "Exploiting In-Memory and On-Disk Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 733-747, June, 2008.
 
 
BibTex
x
 
@article{ 10.1109/TC.2008.43,
author = {Jun Wang and Xiaoyu Yao and Huijun Zhu},
title = {Exploiting In-Memory and On-Disk Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems},
journal ={IEEE Transactions on Computers},
volume = {57},
number = {6},
issn = {0018-9340},
year = {2008},
pages = {733-747},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TC.2008.43},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
}
 
 
RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote
x 
 
TY - JOUR
JO - IEEE Transactions on Computers
TI - Exploiting In-Memory and On-Disk Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems
IS - 6
SN - 0018-9340
SP733
EP747
EPD - 733-747
A1 - Jun Wang,
A1 - Xiaoyu Yao,
A1 - Huijun Zhu,
PY - 2008
KW - Energy-aware systems
KW - System architectures
KW - integration and modeling
KW - Secondary storage
KW - Storage hierarchies
VL - 57
JA - IEEE Transactions on Computers
ER -
 
Jun Wang, University of Central Florida, Orlando
Xiaoyu Yao, Microsoft, Seattle
Huijun Zhu, University of Central Florida, Orlando
Today's storage system places an imperative demand on energy efficiency. Storage system often places disks into standby mode by stopping them from spinning to conserve energy when load is not high. The major obstacle of this method is by introducing a high spin-up cost introduced by passively waking up the standby disk to service the request. In this paper, we propose a redundancy-based, hierarchical I/O cache architecture called RIMAC to solve the problem. The idea of RIMAC is to enable data on the standby disk(s) to be recovered by accessing two-level I/O cache and/or active disks if needed. In parity-based redundant disk arrays, RIMAC exploits parity redundancy to dynamically XOR-reconstruct data being accessed toward standby disk(s) at both cache and disk levels. By avoiding passive spin-ups, RIMAC can significantly improve both energy efficiency and performance. We evaluated RIMAC by augmenting a validated storage system simulator disksim and tested four real-life server traces including HP's cello99, TPC-D, OLTP and SPC's search engine. Comprehensive results indicate RIMAC is able to reduce energy consumption by up to 18% and simultaneously improve the average response time by up to 34% in a small-scale RAID-5 system compared with threshold-based power management schemes.

[1] Dell/EMC SAN Configurations, http://www.dell.com/down loads/global/power ps2q4-022.pdf/, 2008.
[2] IBM TotalStorage DS8000 Overview, http://www-1.ibm.com/servers/storage/disk ds8000/, 2008.
[3] IBM Ultrastar 36Z15 Datasheet, http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/ productsUltrastar_36Z15/, 2008.
[4] Intel RAID Controller, http://www.intel.com/design/servers/RAID/ srcu42eindex.htm/, 2008.
[5] Storage Performance Council—Search Engine Traces, http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/repositorywalk.php?cat=Storage /, 2008.
[6] “More Power Needed,” Energy User News, Nov. 2002.
[7] PowerPC 750 Microprocessors Data Sheet, http://www-306.ibm. com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/ productsPowerPC_750_ Microprocessor , Sept. 2002.
[8] Service Level Agreement in the Data Center, http://www.sun. com/blueprints/0402sla.pdf , Apr. 2002.
[9] J.S. Bucy and G.R. Ganger, “The DiskSim Simulation Environment Version 3.0 Reference Manual,” Technical Report CMU-CS-03-102, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Univ., Jan. 2003.
[10] E.V. Carrera, E. Pinheiro, and R. Bianchini, “Conserving Disk Energy in Network Servers,” Proc. 17th Int'l Conf. Supercomputing, pp. 86-97, June 2003.
[11] P. Chen and E.K. Lee, “Striping in a RAID Level 5 Disk Array,” Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS '95, pp. 136-145, May 1995.
[12] Z. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, H. Scott, and B. Schiefer, “Empirical Evaluation of Multi-Level Buffer Cache Collaboration for Storage System,” Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS '05, pp. 145-156, June 2005.
[13] Z. Chen, Y. Zhou, and K. Li, “Eviction-Based Cache Placement for Storage Caches,” Proc. Usenix Ann. Technical Conf., pp. 269-281, June 2003.
[14] D. Colarelli and D. Grunwald, “Massive Arrays of Idle Disks for Storage Archives,” Proc. ACM/IEEE Conf. Supercomputing, pp. 1-11, July 2002.
[15] S. Gurumurthi, A. Sivasubramaniam, M. Kandemir, and H. Franke, “DRPM: Dynamic Speed Control for Power Management in Server Class Disks,” Proc. 30th Ann. Int'l Symp. Computer Architecture, pp. 169-181, June 2003.
[16] S. Gurumurthi, J. Zhang, A. Sivasubramaniam, M. Kandemir, H. Franke, N. Vijaykrishnan, and M.J. Irwin, “Interplay of Energy and Performance for Disk Arrays Running Transaction Processing Workloads,” Proc. Int'l Symp. Performance Analysis of Systems and Software, pp. 123-132, Mar. 2003.
[17] J.L. Hennessy and D.A. Patterson, Computer Architecture—A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.
[18] H. Huang, W. Hung, and K.G. Shin, “FS2: Dynamic Data Replication in Free Disk Space for Improving Disk Performance and Energy Consumption,” Proc. 20th ACM Symp. Operating Systems Principles, pp. 263-276, Oct. 2005.
[19] S. Irani, S. Shukla, and R. Gupta, “Competitive Analysis of Dynamic Power Management Strategies for Systems with Multiple Power Saving States,” technical report, UCI-ICS, 2001.
[20] D. Li and J. Wang, “EERAID: Energy-Efficient Redundant and Inexpensive Disk Array,” Proc. 11th ACM SIGOPS European Workshop, Sept. 2004.
[21] D. Li and J. Wang, “eRAID: A Queueing Model Based Energy Conservation Technique,” Proc. 14th IEEE/ACM Int'l Symp. Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecomm. Systems, Sept. 2006.
[22] D. Li, H. Cai, X. Yao, and J. Wang, “Exploiting Redundancy to Construct Energy-Efficient, High-Performance RAIDs,” Technical Report TR-05-07-04, Computer Science and Eng. Dept., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Jan. 2005.
[23] N. Megiddo and D.S. Modha, “ARC: A Self-Tuning, Low Overhead Replacement Cache,” Proc. Second Usenix Conf. File and Storage Technologies, Feb. 2003.
[24] D.A. Patterson, G. Gibson, and R.H. Katz, “A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID),” Proc. ACM SIGMOD '88, pp. 109-116, 1988.
[25] E. Pinheiro and R. Bianchini, “Energy Conservation Techniques for Disk Array-Based Servers,” Proc. 18th Int'l Conf. Supercomputing, pp. 68-78, June 2004.
[26] E. Pinheiro, R. Bianchini, and C. Dubnicki, “Exploiting Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems,” Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS '06, pp. 15-26, June 2006.
[27] V. Natarajan and A.S. Gurumurthi, “Is Traditional Power Management + Prefetching == DRPM for Server Disks?” Proc. Eighth Workshop Computer Architecture Evaluation Using Commercial Workloads, Feb. 2005.
[28] UIUC Operating Systems Research Group, http:/opera.cs.uiuc. edu/, 2008.
[29] C. Weddle, M. Oldham, J. Qian, A.A. Wang, P. Reiher, and G. Kuenning, “PARAID: A Gear-Shifting Power-Aware RAID,” Proc. Fifth Usenix Conf. File and Storage Technologies, pp. 245-260, Feb. 2007.
[30] T.M. Wong and J. Wilkes, “My Cache or Yours? Making Storage More Exclusive,” Proc. Usenix Ann. Technical Conf., pp. 161-175, June 2002.
[31] R. Youssef, “RAID for Mobile Computers,” master's thesis, Information Networking Inst., Carnegie Mellon Univ., available as INI-TR 1995-3, Aug. 1995.
[32] Y. Zhou, J. Philbin, and K. Li, “The Multiqueue Replacement Algorithm for Second Level Buffer Caches,” Proc. Usenix Ann. Technical Conf., June 2001.
[33] Q. Zhu, Z. Chen, L. Tan, Y. Zhou, K. Keeton, and J. Wilkes, “Hibernator: Helping Disk Arrays Sleep through the Winter,” Proc. 20th ACM Symp. Operating Systems Principles, pp. 177-190, Oct. 2005.
[34] Q. Zhu, F. David, M. Devaraj, F. Li, Z. Zhou, and Y. Cao, “Reducing Energy Consumption of Disk Storage Using Power-Aware Cache Management,” Proc. 10th Int'l Symp. High Performance Computer Architecture, pp. 118-129, Feb. 2004.
[35] Q. Zhu, A. Shankar, and Y. Zhou, “Power-Aware Storage Cache Replacement Algorithms,” Proc. 18th Int'l Conf. Supercomputing, pp. 79-88, June 2004.
[36] Y. Lu and D. Micheli, “Comparing System-Level Power Management Policies,” IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.10-19, Mar./Apr. 2001.
[37] X. Li, Z. Li, F. David, P. Zhou, Y. Zhou, S. Adve, and S. Kumar, “Performance Directed Energy Management for Main Memory and Disks,” Proc. 11th Int'l Conf. Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Oct. 2004.

Index Terms:
Energy-aware systems, System architectures, integration and modeling, Secondary storage, Storage hierarchies
Citation:
Jun Wang, Xiaoyu Yao, Huijun Zhu, "Exploiting In-Memory and On-Disk Redundancy to Conserve Energy in Storage Systems," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 733-747, June 2008, doi:10.1109/TC.2008.43
Usage of this product signifies your acceptance of the Terms of Use.