The ceramic roller kiln with oxygen-enriched and pure oxygen combustion (CRKOC) is proposed by authors. According to the structural feature and thermal characteristics of CRKOC, a new concept is proposed in this paper, which is the kiln body real-time health monitoring of CRKOC. Three aspects are mainly researched. Firstly, the necessity of the health monitoring on kiln is analyzed. Secondly, the superiority of using fiber grating temperature sensors to measure the temperature of kiln body is discussed. The basic principle of kiln body real-time health monitoring system based on fiber grating temperature sensors is introduced. Meanwhile, an evaluation method about real-time health status of kiln body is put forward, which is the average value law. Thirdly, the whole framework of kiln body real-time health monitoring system based on Internet is constructed, which includes four parts. The function of every part is introduced in details. Furthermore, a hardware system based on four-channel fiber grating temperature sensors is designed, and its working flow is described in details. The result shows that this kiln body real-time health monitoring system presented in this paper has the merits of early detection and early warning. Therefore, the kiln real-time health monitoring system could greatly improve the safety of the kiln body.