This Article 
   
 Share 
   
 Bibliographic References 
   
 Add to: 
 
Digg
Furl
Spurl
Blink
Simpy
Google
Del.icio.us
Y!MyWeb
 
 Search 
   
Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 2: Macrocognitive Modeling
November/December 2008 (vol. 23 no. 6)
pp. 86-c3
ASCII Text
x 
 
Robert R. Hoffman, "Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 2: Macrocognitive Modeling," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 86-c3, November/December, 2008.
 
 
BibTex
x
 
@article{ 10.1109/MIS.2008.105,
author = {Robert R. Hoffman},
title = {Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 2: Macrocognitive Modeling},
journal ={IEEE Intelligent Systems},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
issn = {1541-1672},
year = {2008},
pages = {86-c3},
doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2008.105},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
}
 
 
RefWorks Procite/RefMan/Endnote
x 
 
TY - MGZN
JO - IEEE Intelligent Systems
TI - Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 2: Macrocognitive Modeling
IS - 6
SN - 1541-1672
SP86
EPc3
EPD - 86-c3
A1 - Robert R. Hoffman,
PY - 2008
KW - macrocognitive models
KW - expert reasoning
KW - work analysis
KW - cognitive-systems engineering
KW - weather forecasting
VL - 23
JA - IEEE Intelligent Systems
ER -
 
Robert R. Hoffman, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
Cognitive-systems engineers study the cognitive work conducted in sociotechnical contexts and, from that understanding, provide guidance to software engineers. The previous essay in this department discussed how there can be a gap—the guidance from cognitive-systems engineers can inform design, but what software engineers actually need are designs. The gap has been successfully crossed in one direction, in projects in which cognitive-systems engineers expressed the requirements in a way that captured key functionalities and their rationale, thereby speaking to the software engineer's needs. This essay works in the other direction: providing systems engineers with an easy-to-use method—the Macrocognitive Modeling Procedure—that might enable them to ramp up their understanding of the cognitive work. The procedure involves creating and then validating models of domain practitioners' reasoning. The method is easy to use and can enable software engineers to ramp up their understanding of end users' cognitive work.

1. R.R. Hoffman and S.V. Deal, "Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 1: A Gap Analysis," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 23, no. 5, 2008, pp. 78–81.
2. G. Klein, B. Moon, and R.R. Hoffman, "Making Sense of Sensemaking 2: A Macrocognitive Model," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 21, no. 5, 2006, pp. 88–92.
3. G. Klein et al., "Macrocognition," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 18, no. 3, 2003, pp. 81–85.
4. B. Crandall, G. Klein, and R.R. Hoffman, Working Minds: A Practitioner's Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis, MIT Press, 2006.
5. K.J. Vicente, Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999.
6. R.R. Hoffman et al., "Storm-LK: A Human-Centered Knowledge Model for Weather Forecasting," Proc. 45th Ann. Meeting Human Factors and Ergonomics Soc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Soc., 2001, p. 752.
7. R.R. Hoffman et al., "A Method for Eliciting, Preserving, and Sharing the Knowledge of Forecasters," Weather and Forecasting, vol. 21, 2006, pp. 416–428.
8. K. Duncker, "On Problem Solving," Psychological Monographs, vol. 58, no. 270, 1945, pp. 1–113.
9. A. Newell, "Duncker on Thinking: An Inquiry into Progress on Cognition," A Century of Psychology as a Science, S. Koch and D.E. Leary, eds., Oxford Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 392–419.
10. R.R. Hoffman and L. Militello, Perspectives on Cognitive Task Analysis: Historical Origins and Modern Communities of Practice, CRC Press, 2008.
11. J.G. Trafton and R.R. Hoffman, "Computer-Aided Visualization in Meteorology," Expertise out of Context, R.R. Hoffman, ed., Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007, pp. 337–357.
12. R.R. Hoffman, G. Trafton, and P. Roebber, Minding the Weather: How Expert Forecasters Think, MIT Press, to be published in 2009.
13. R.R. Hoffman et al., "Eliciting Knowledge from Experts: A Methodological Analysis," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 62, no. 2, 1995, pp. 129–158.

Index Terms:
macrocognitive models, expert reasoning, work analysis, cognitive-systems engineering, weather forecasting
Citation:
Robert R. Hoffman, "Influencing versus Informing Design, Part 2: Macrocognitive Modeling," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 86-c3, Nov.-Dec. 2008, doi:10.1109/MIS.2008.105
Usage of this product signifies your acceptance of the Terms of Use.